Abstract
目的
研究单倍型造血干细胞移植(haplo-HSCT)后原发性植入功能不良(PGF)对巨细胞病毒(CMV)肺炎发生及预后的影响。
方法
对2011年1月至2012年12月在北京大学血液病研究所接受haplo-HSCT的122例血液病患者进行回顾性分析。
结果
122例患者中,移植后26例(21.3%)发生原发性PGF(PGF组),其余96例(78.7%)患者植入功能良好(GGF组)。共15例(12.3%)患者发生CMV肺炎,中位发生时间为移植后103(31~262)d,1年累积发生率为12.3%(95%CI 6.2%~18.4%)。PGF组、GGF组CMV肺炎发生率分别为30.8%(8/26)、7.3%(7/96)(P=0.002),CMV血症发生率分别为92.3%(24/26)、82.3%(79/96)(P=0.212)。多因素分析显示原发性PGF是CMV肺炎发生的影响因素(P=0.005)。发生CMV肺炎患者的总生存(OS)率低于未发生CMV肺炎患者[37.3%(95%CI 11.2%~63.4%)对78.9%(95%CI 72.0%~87.6%),χ2=16.361,P<0.001]。PGF组CMV肺炎患者移植后1年OS率低于非CMV肺炎患者[25.0%(95%CI 0%~55.0%)对50.0%(95%CI 26.9%~73.1%),χ2=4.656,P=0.031]。
结论
haplo-HSCT后发生原发性PGF的血液病患者有较高的CMV肺炎发生率且移植后1年OS率较低。
Keywords: 异基因造血干细胞移植, 巨细胞病毒肺炎, 原发性植入功能不良
Abstract
Objective
To retrospectively analyze the impact of primary PGF on CMV pneumonia in patients who have undergone haplo-HSCT.
Methods
The clinical data of 122 patients who underwent haplo-HSCT at the Peking University Institute of Hematology from 2011–2012 were retrospectively reviewed. The incidence rate of CMV pneumonia between PGF and good graft function (GGF) was compared, and the factors were analyzed. In addition, outcomes in PGF patients with CMV pneumonia have been described.
Results
Total 122 patients were retrospectively reviewed, and of these, 26 (21.3%) had PGF, while 96 (78.7%) had GGF. In addition, 15 patients had CMV pneumonia, and the median time to the development of CMV pneumonia was 103 (31–262) days; the 1-year cumulative incidence of CMV pneumonia was 12.3% (95% CI 6.2%–18.4%). In patients with primary PGF and GGF after Haplo-HSCT, the incidence of CMV pneumonia was 30.8% (8/26) and 7.3% (7/96), respectively (P=0.002). Moreover, 24 patients had CMV viremia (92.3%), while of the 96 GGF patients, 79 (82.3%) had CMV viremia (P=0.212). In multivariate analysis, the results showed that primary PGF had a significant influence on CMV pneumonia (P=0.005). Compared with those without CMV pneumonia, patients with CMV pneumonia had poorer overall survival 37.3% (95% CI 11.2%–63.4%) vs. 78.9% (95% CI 72.0%–87.6%) (χ2=16.361, P<0.001). The 1-year overall survival (OS) was 25.0% (95% CI 0%–55.0%) and 50.0% (95% CI 26.9%–73.1%) (χ2=4.656, P=0.031) in PGF patients with (8/26) and without (18/26) CMV pneumonia.
Conclusion
The incidence of cytomegalovirus pneumonia in patients with primary poor graft function increases and the survival rate decreases.
Keywords: Cytomegalovirus pneumonia, primary poor graft function, haploidentical stem cell transplantation
巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染是异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后的常见并发症,可发展为危及生命的CMV病,其中以CMV肺炎最为严重[1]。CMV肺炎的发生率仅为4%左右,但病死率高达30%~90%[2]–[4],直接影响造血干细胞移植患者的存活率。既往研究表明,应用供者CMV特异性T细胞可有效控制患者的CMV感染,CMV感染的长期控制也取决于患者CMV特异性T细胞的恢复[5],因此造血干细胞移植后免疫重建对CMV肺炎的控制具有重要意义。原发性植入功能不良(PGF)是allo-HSCT的重要并发症,发生率为5%~27%,可影响造血和免疫重建,进而导致感染性疾病发生率增加[6]–[7]。造血重建和免疫重建是allo-HSCT成功的基础,植入的供者造血干细胞有多种功能(清除患者的免疫和造血干细胞,抗病毒、抗白血病效应等),PGF(造血恢复延迟或恢复不完全)伴随感染和出血的风险,严重影响移植预后[8]–[9]。本研究通过回顾性分析122例患者的临床资料,探讨原发性PGF对血液病患者单倍型造血干细胞移植(haplo-HSCT)后CMV肺炎的影响。
病例与方法
1.病例:本研究对北京大学血液病研究所2011年1月至2012年12月之间接受haplo-HSCT的122例血液病患者进行回顾性分析。男70例,女52例,中位年龄29(1~63)岁。急性髓系白血病(AML)47例、急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)50例、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)15例,慢性髓性白血病(CLL)10例。
2.移植方案:移植方案见文献[10]。预处理方案(北京方案)[11]–[12]:阿糖胞苷4 g·m−2·d−1静脉滴注,−10、−9 d;白消安0.8 mg/kg静脉滴注每6 h 1次,−8~−6 d;环磷酰胺1.8 g·m−2·d−1静脉滴注,−5、−4 d;司莫司汀250 mg/m2口服,−3 d;抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)2.5 mg·kg−1·d−1静脉滴注,−5 d~−2 d。
3.定义:CMV肺炎分为明确诊断和临床诊断[13]:①明确诊断:通过病毒分离、培养、组织病理学、免疫组织学或DNA杂交技术方法在肺组织中检出CMV,同时伴有肺炎的临床症状或体征(包括新出现的肺部浸润影像学改变、低氧血症、呼吸急促、呼吸困难)。②临床诊断:通过病毒分离、培养或CMV-DNA定量检测在肺泡灌洗液中检出CMV,同时伴有肺炎的临床症状或体征。
CMV肺炎发生时间:出现CMV肺炎相关临床表现或影像学改变的时间。CMV感染:在任何血液或组织样本中通过病毒分离或蛋白核酸技术检出CMV。CMV-DNA血症:在血浆、血清、全血、外周血白细胞或血沉棕黄层样本中检出CMV-DNA,单次检测CMV-DNA拷贝数>6×102拷贝/ml[13]–[14]。
原发性PGF:①allo-HSCT后28 d仍存在中性粒细胞绝对计数(ANC)<0.5×109/L及PLT<20×109/L(伴或不伴HGB<70 g/L)并持续至少2周以上;②骨髓检查提示增生低下,原发病处于缓解状态;③DNA指纹图仍为完全供者嵌合;④不伴有GVHD及白血病复发。
4.随访:患者生存信息来自住院/门诊病历和电话随访资料。总生存(OS)、无病生存(DFS)时间均从末次造血干细胞回输开始计算。
5.统计学处理:分类变量采用χ2检验或fisher精确检验,连续变量采用Student's t检验或Mann-Whitney检验。OS、DFS率的分析采用Kaplan-Meier曲线法。多因素分析采用Cox风险比例回归模型。采用SPSS软件进行数据分析。累积复发率(CIR)、移植相关死亡率(TRM)的分析采用R软件。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果
1.CMV肺炎的临床特征:全部122例haplo-HSCT患者中,15例(12.3%)移植后发生CMV肺炎(明确诊断1例,临床诊断14例),男7例(46.7%),女8例(53.3%),中位年龄为30(7~50)岁,CMV肺炎的中位发生时间为移植后103(31~262)d,移植后1年累积发生率为12.3%(95%CI 6.2%~18.4%)。15例患者中,AML 7例(46.7%)、ALL 4例(26.7%)、MDS 4例(26.7%)。14例患者移植前疾病状态为完全缓解(CR)。11例(73.3%)患者HLA相合位点为3个,4例(26.7%)为4~5个位点相合。单个核细胞(MNC)中位输注量为8.44(6.13~11.58)×108/kg,CD34+细胞中位输注量为2.98(0.67~9.10)×106/kg。15例患者粒细胞全部植活,中位植入时间为16(9~32)d,7例(46.7%)患者血小板植活,中位植入时间为17(9~29)d。4例(26.7%)患者合并EB病毒(EBV)感染,中位发生时间为60(27~146)d。6例(40.0%)患者发生急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)。15例发生CMV肺炎患者中9例(60.0%)死亡。
2.PGF对CMV肺炎发生率的影响:122例患者中,26例(21.3%)发生原发性PGF(PGF组),其余96例患者植入功能良好(GGF组)。PGF、GGF组CMV肺炎发生率分别为30.8%(8/26)、7.3%(7/96)(χ2=9.269,P=0.002),中位发生时间分别为移植后127(35~262)d、73(31~244)d,移植后1年累积发生率分别为36.7%(95%CI 15.7%~57.7%)、7.4%(95%CI 2.1%~12.7%)(χ2=12.256,P<0.001)。PGF、GGF组CMV血症发生率分别为92.3%(24/26)、82.3%(79/96)(χ2=1.561,P=0.212),累积发生率分别为95.8%(95%CI 87.8%~100%)、82.9%(95%CI 74.6%~90.2%)(χ2=1.784,P=0.359)。
3.移植后CMV肺炎的危险因素分析:在单因素分析中,患者的性别、疾病类型、供受者性别和血型、粒细胞植入时间、血小板植入时间、出血性膀胱炎对CMV肺炎的发生没有影响,年龄、移植前真菌感染是影响CMV肺炎发生的移植前因素,PGF和aGVHD是影响CMV肺炎发生的移植后因素(P<0.05)。多因素分析发现,原发性PGF是影响CMV肺炎发生的危险因素(P=0.005)(表1)。
表1. 移植后CMV肺炎的危险因素分析.
| 指标 | CMV肺炎[例(%)] | 单因素分析 |
多因素分析 |
||
| χ2值 | P值 | P值 | HR(95% CI) | ||
| 移植年龄 | 4.676 | 0.037 | 0.015 | 3.14(1.07~9.19) | |
| ≤30岁 | 5(33.3) | ||||
| >30岁 | 10(66.7) | ||||
| 性别 | 0.662 | 0.416 | 1.52(0.55~4.20) | ||
| 男 | 7(46.7) | ||||
| 女 | 8(53.3) | ||||
| 移植前真菌感染 | 5.108 | 0.016 | 0.270 | 1.89(0.61~5.88) | |
| 是 | 6(40.0) | ||||
| 否 | 9(60.0) | ||||
| 诊断 | 2.257 | 0.119 | 1.45(0.91~2.30) | ||
| ALL | 4(26.7) | ||||
| AML | 7(46.7) | ||||
| MDS | 4(26.7) | ||||
| 供者性别 | 1.162 | 0.301 | |||
| 男 | 11(73.3) | 0.54(0.17~1.72) | |||
| 女 | 4(26.7) | ||||
| 供、患者ABO血型 | 0.437 | 0.501 | 1.23(0.68~2.12) | ||
| 相合 | 8(53.3) | ||||
| 主要不合 | 3(20.0) | ||||
| 次要不合 | 4(26.7) | ||||
| 植入 | 9.269 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 5.14(1.85~14.26) | |
| 植入功能不良 | 8(53.3) | ||||
| 植入功能良好 | 7(46.7) | ||||
| 中性粒细胞植入时间 | 0.912 | 0.125 | 4.96(0.64~38.45) | ||
| ≤16 d | 9(60.0) | ||||
| >16 d | 6(40.0) | ||||
| 血小板植入时间 | 0.386 | 0.474 | 0.52(0.09~3.11) | ||
| ≤17 d | 5(33.3) | ||||
| >17 d | 2(13.3) | ||||
| 急性GVHD | 7.018 | 0.018 | 0.023 | 0.29(0.10~0.81) | |
| 0度 | 9(60.0) | ||||
| Ⅰ/Ⅱ度 | 6(40.0) | ||||
| Ⅲ/Ⅳ度 | 0(0) | ||||
| 出血性膀胱炎 | 0.584 | 0.445 | 1.49(0.54~4.09) | ||
| 有 | 8(53.3) | ||||
| 无 | 7(46.7) | ||||
注:CMV:巨细胞病毒;ALL:急性淋巴细胞白血病;AML:急性髓系白血病;MDS:骨髓增生异常综合征
4.CMV肺炎对haplo-HSCT患者预后的影响:中位随访1 025(301~1 416)d,全部122例患者中31例(25.4%)死亡,其中19例(61.3%)死于移植相关并发症,12例(38.7%)死于复发。CMV肺炎组(15例)、非CMV肺炎组(107例)的2年OS率分别为37.3%(95%CI 11.2%~63.4%)、78.9%(95%CI 72.0%~87.6%)(χ2=16.361,P<0.001)(图1A),2年DFS率分别为31.1%(95%CI 6.8%~55.4%)、74.6%(95%CI 66.4%~82.8%)(χ2=18.443,P<0.001)(图1B)。共16例(13.1%)患者移植后复发,中位复发时间为移植后254(60~750)d。CMV肺炎组、非CMV肺炎组2年CIR分别为7.7%(95%CI 6.4%~9.0%)、13.1%(95%CI 12.9%~13.3%)(χ2=0.106,P=0.190),TRM分别为61.1%(95%CI 57.4%~64.8%)、12.2%(95%CI 12.0%~12.4%)(χ2=29.360,P<0.001)。
图1. 巨细胞病毒(CMV)肺炎对血液病患者单倍型造血干细胞移植后总生存(A)和无病生存(B)的影响.
5.CMV肺炎对PGF患者预后的影响:PGF组CMV肺炎(8例)、非CMV肺炎患者(18例)移植后1年OS率分别为25.0%(95%CI 0~55.0%)、50.0%(95%CI 26.9%~73.1%)(χ2=4.656,P=0.031)。GGF组中CMV肺炎、未发生CMV肺炎患者移植后1年OS率分别为71.4%(95%CI 37.9%~100%)、92.1%(95%CI 86.4%~97.8%)(χ2=4.656,P=0.031)。PGF组、GGF组CMV肺炎患者移植后1年CIR分别为12.7%(95%CI 0~35.6%)、20.0%(95%CI 0~53.0%)(χ2=0.215,P=0.643)。
讨论
造血干细胞移植后CMV血症的发生率为37.6%~87.3%,CMV肺炎的发生率为5%~8%,中位发生时间为移植后100 d左右[15]–[16]。本研究中,CMV肺炎的发生率为12.3%,中位发生时间为移植后103 d,可能与此阶段患者免疫系统缺陷及恢复延迟有关。Gallez-Hawkins等[17]在44例血清CMV阳性患者中检测CMV特异性CD8+ T细胞,结果显示CMV特异性免疫重建发生于造血干细胞移植后6个月,而免疫功能未重建时CMV感染及CMV疾病的发生率明显增加,因此免疫功能及CMV特异性T细胞的恢复成为CMV肺炎防治的重点。
CMV作为一种免疫调节的病毒,移植后的造血重建和免疫重建对CMV感染有重要影响。患者对供者造血干细胞的免疫反应可导致PGF,同时病毒感染也可引起PGF。因此CMV感染和PGF之间存在相互作用关系,但尚未阐明。Green等[18]在对接受清髓和减低预处理造血干细胞移植后出现血清CMV阳性的407例患者进行研究,发现PGF并不影响CMV血症的发生。Taimur等[19]报告了47例接受清髓预处理移植患者(包括非血缘移植)的研究结果,植入良好患者的CMV血症发生率较高(50%)[19]。本研究中,haplo-HSCT后PGF组与GGF组CMV血症的发生率差异无统计学意义,Green等[18]的结论相同,与Taimur等[19]的结论相反,出现这种差异的原因可能与纳入人群、移植方案、CMV感染防治方案差异等因素有关,同时也有可能与本研究为单中心回顾性研究、存在数据偏倚有关。
PGF可导致造血、免疫重建的延迟和缺陷,但是否会影响CMV特异性T细胞数量及功能的重建,从而调控CMV肺炎的发生和发展,是当前的研究热点。本研究结果显示PGF可以影响CMV肺炎的发生和预后,但尚需大样本前瞻性的研究进一步证实。
Konoplev等[20]对单中心795例自体造血干细胞移植患者的研究显示,CMV血清阳性是CMV肺炎发生的危险因素。而Torres等[21]在一项999例对照研究中发现,化疗后CR和长期淋巴细胞缺乏是CMV肺炎发生的危险因素。本研究结果初步显示PGF对CMV肺炎的发生和预后有影响。
在积极治疗PGF的同时及早给予CMV肺炎预防措施能否改善患者的生存,值得进一步研究。
Funding Statement
基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2019YFC840606);国家自然科学基金(81770189、81530046、81621001)
Fund program: National Key Research and Development Program of China (2019TFC840606); National Natural Science Foundation of China(81770189, 81530046, 81621001)
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