Fig. 1.
Experimental protocol for hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.
Hemorrhagic shock was induced using the fixed-pressure model. MAP of 35 ± 2 mm Hg was achieved over 15 min by blood withdrawal and maintained until 60 min from the induction of hemorrhagic shock. After the shock phase, rats were resuscitated with an infusion of three times the volume of the shed blood of balanced crystalloids over 30 min. Maintenance fluid was administered during the observation phase. A, Rats inhaled oxygen or H2 + oxygen after achieving shock either in the presence or absence of an XOR-I for both groups. B, Rats received oxygen alone or anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody with oxygen or H2 + oxygen. H2 indicates hydrogen gas; i.v., intravenous injection; MAP, mean arterial pressure; P.O., per Os; Resus, resuscitation; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alfa; XOR-I, xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor.