INTRODUCTION
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, emergency health care utilization has acutely declined by 23% for heart attacks, 20% for strokes, and 10% for hyperglycemic crises.1 Ambulatory visits have also declined by nearly 60%.2 The lack of health care utilization is concerning as it may result in significant medical complications resulting from untreated medical problems.1 Little is known about what is driving these declines in health care utilization. A study from Italy suggested that fear of COVID-19 infection may be one such factor.3 Recent research has documented pervasive anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic.4, 5 We conducted this study to estimate the association between mental health symptoms and medical care avoidance among US adults.
METHODS
We analyzed data from June 11–June 16, 2020, of the weekly, cross-sectional Household Pulse Survey (HPS; n = 73,472) which is conducted by the US Census Bureau in collaboration with five other federal agencies to produce data on the social and economic impacts of COVID-19 among adults in the USA. The HPS questionnaire was reviewed by independent experts at the Center for Behavioral Science Methods, as well as the Demographic Directorate and subject matter representatives from the five partner federal agencies. To gather the sample, HPS used the Census Bureau’s Master Address File as the primary sampling frame to collect responses from a large sample that is sufficient for the anticipated low responses rates. The Census Bureau used the online platform Qualtrics as the primary data collection method. See the Census Bureau website (https://www.census.gov/householdpulsedata) for more information and access to publicly available data.
We fitted modified multivariable Poisson regression models to estimate the associations between four mental health symptoms (nervous, anxious, or on edge; not being able to stop or control worrying; little interest or pleasure in doing things; feeling down, depressed, or hopeless) in the past 7 days and medical care avoidance (delayed medical care; needed non-coronavirus medical care but did not get it) due to the coronavirus pandemic in the past 4 weeks. The use of robust estimates of variance permits straightforward interpretation of the exponentiated regression coefficients as risk ratios. We adjusted for potential confounding by age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, employment loss, and marital status. Nonresponse sample weighing was applied. Analyses were conducted using Stata 15.1.
RESULTS
Demographic and descriptive results are displayed in Table 1. Individuals who experience all four symptoms of anxiety and depression had higher adjusted relative risk ratios of delayed medical care and not receiving needed non-coronavirus medical care, after adjustment for potential confounders (Table 2). Individuals who were nervous, anxious, or on edge in the past 7 days had the highest adjusted relative risk ratio of delayed medical care (1.95, 95% CI 1.83–2.09) and the highest adjusted relative risk ratio of not receiving needed non-coronavirus medical care (2.08, 95% CI 1.93–2.25).
Table 1.
Weighted Sample Characteristics of Week 7 of US Census Household Pulse Survey (n = 73,472)
| Mean ± SE/% | |
|---|---|
| Age | 48.09 ± 0.20 |
| Sex | |
| Female | 51.6 |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| Hispanic or Latino (may be of any race) | 16.9 |
| White alone, not Hispanic | 62.8 |
| Black alone, not Hispanic | 11.2 |
| Asian alone, not Hispanic | 5.0 |
| Two or more races + other races, not Hispanic | 4.1 |
| Income | |
| Less than $25,000 | 16.5 |
| $25,000–$34,999 | 12.0 |
| $35,000–$49,999 | 12.5 |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 18.1 |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 12.9 |
| $100,000–$149,999 | 14.8 |
| $150,000–$199,999 | 6.4 |
| $200,000 and above | 6.7 |
| Education | |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 30.4 |
| Employment loss, past 7 days | |
| Yes | 47.8 |
| Marital status | |
| Not married | 55.1 |
| Medical care avoidance | |
| Delayed medical care due to coronavirus, 4 weeks† | |
| Yes | 41.0 |
| Needed non-coronavirus medical care but did not get it, past 4 weeks‡ | |
| Yes | 32.2 |
| Mental health symptoms | |
| Nervous, anxious, or on edge, past 7 days§ | |
| Any days | 65.0 |
| Not being able to stop or control worrying, past 7 days‖ | |
| Any days | 56.1 |
| Little interest or pleasure in doing things, past 7 days¶ | |
| Any days | 53.3 |
| Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless, past 7 days# | |
| Any days | 52.2 |
June 11–June 16, 2020
†“At any time in the last 4 weeks, did you DELAY getting medical care because of the coronavirus pandemic?”
‡“At any time in the last 4 weeks, did you need medical care for something other than coronavirus, but DID NOT GET IT because of the coronavirus pandemic?”
§“Over the last 7 days, how often have you been bothered by the following problems ... Feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge?”
‖“Over the last 7 days, how often have you been bothered by the following problems ... Not being able to stop or control worrying?”
¶“Over the last 7 days, how often have you been bothered by ... having little interest or pleasure in doing things?”
#“Over the last 7 days, how often have you been bothered by ... feeling down, depressed, or hopeless?”
Table 2.
Adjusted Relative Risk Ratios of Mental Health Symptoms and Medical Care Avoidance
| Delayed medical care* | p | Did not get medical carea | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted relative risk ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted relative risk ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Nervous, anxious, or on edge, past 7 days | 1.95 (1.83–2.09) | 0.001 | 2.08 (1.93–2.25) | 0.001 |
| Not being able to stop or control worrying, past 7 days | 1.83 (1.73–1.94) | 0.001 | 2.05 (1.92–2.00) | 0.001 |
| Little interest or pleasure in doing things, past 7 days | 1.69 (1.60–1.79) | 0.001 | 1.90 (1.78–2.03) | 0.001 |
| Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless, past 7 days | 1.67 (1.58–1.76) | 0.001 | 1.89 (1.77–2.02) | 0.001 |
*Each column displays estimates from a single multivariable Poisson regression model with additional covariate adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, employment loss, and marital status. As described by Zou (Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:702–706), the modified Poisson model permits interpretation of the exponentiated regression coefficients as risk ratios rather than incidence rate ratios.
DISCUSSION
In this population-based study of US adults from June 11–16, 2020, we show that mental health symptoms are strongly correlated with medical care avoidance amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results revealed significantly higher adjusted relative risk ratios of medical care avoidance among US adults who experience common symptoms of anxiety and depression. Importantly, our results show that individuals who experience these symptoms are more likely to avoid seeking non-coronavirus medical care despite needing it, which is concerning as delayed medical care may result in significant adverse short- and long-term health outcomes for many conditions.1
Our results provide support for accurate and effective translation of knowledge to the public about the risks and benefits of seeking needed medical care during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Of particular importance is the expansion of health insurance policies to cover telehealth services6 and continued efforts to implement telehealth services to address non-emergency medical concerns. Additionally, a continued increase in telepsychiatry and telemental health services is needed to assist US adults in managing mental health symptoms for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Samuel Benabou for providing editorial assistance.
Funding Information
Dr. Tsai reports salary support from the Sullivan Family Foundation.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Prior Presentations
The results from this study have not been presented previously.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
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