Abstract
Background
We aimed to evaluate the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related lockdown on adherence to lifestyle and drug regimens in stay-at-home chronic coronary syndromes patients living in urban and rural areas.
Methods
A cross-sectional population-based study was perfomed in patients with chronic coronary syndromes. A sample of 205 patients was randomly drawn from the RICO (Observatoire des infarctus de Côte d'Or) cohort. Eight trained interviewers collected data by phone interview during week 16 (April 13 to April 19), i.e. 4 weeks after implementation of the French lockdown (start March 17, 2020).
Results
Among the 195 patients interviewed (of the 205, 3 had died, 1 declined, 6 lost), mean age was 65.5 ± 11.1 years. Only six patients (3%) reported drug discontinuation, mainly driven by media influence or family members. All 166 (85%) patients taking aspirin continued their prescribed daily intake. Lifestyle rules were less respected since almost half (45%) declared >25% reduction in physical activity, 26% of smokers increased their tobacco consumption by >25%, and 24% of patients increased their body weight > 2 kg. The decrease in physical activity and the increase in smoking were significantly greater in urban patients (P < .05).
Conclusions
The COVID-19-related lockdown had a negative impact on lifestyle in a representative sample of stay-at-home CCS patients.
Keywords: COVID-19, Lockdown, Chronic coronary syndromes, Lifestyle, Adherence
Highlights
-
•
Consequences of COVID-19 lockdown in stay-at-home chronic coronary syndromes patients is unknown.
-
•
Patients reported a very high cardiovascular drug adherence.
-
•
Lockdown negatively impacted lifestyle management.
1. Introduction
With lockdown policies implemented all over the world, a major emerging problem concerns the potential deleterious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related consequences in patients with chronic diseases. Long-term management of patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) is based on 1/ lifestyle and risk factors control and 2/ pharmacological management [1], which are major determinants of long-term prognosis.
The lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic has created a psychological and physical situation that jeopardizes adherence to CCS management. This unprecedented situation offers a unique opportunity to evaluate health behaviors in stay-at-home CCS patients. Moreover, there have been alarming media messages on the potential harmful relationship between drugs like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and COVID-19 severity [2].
We aimed to evaluate the impact of lockdown on adherence to lifestyle and drug regimens in stay-at-home CCS patients living in urban and rural areas.
2. Methods
A cross-sectional population-based phone survey was performed in CCS patients included from April 2018 to April 2019 in the RICO (Observatoire des infarctus de Côte d'Or) cohort. RICO is an ongoing survey that prospectively collects data from patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction in all coronary care units of public centers or privately funded hospitals of one eastern French administrative area (i.e., Côte d'Or). The Côte d'Or has a resident population of 532,901 inhabitants according to the 2019 census, well balanced between urban (>2000 inhabitants) and rural areas. A sample of 205 patients was randomly drawn. Eight trained interviewers collected data by phone interview during week 16 (April 13 to April 19), i.e. 4 weeks after implementation of the French lockdown (start March 17, 2020). Drug adherence and lifestyle the month before and 4 weeks after the French lockdown implementation were self-perceived and collected during the interview. Study procedures conform to the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Oral consent was obtained for each patient.
Qualitative and continuous variables are described using frequency, percentage, and mean (± standard deviation), respectively. The two groups (urban vs rural) were compared using the Chi2 or Fischer exact test for qualitative variables and the Wilcoxon test for continuous variables.
3. Results
Among the 195 patients interviewed (of the 205, 3 had died, 1 declined, 6 lost), mean age was 65.5 ± 11.1 years. Most were men (61%). All stated they respected lockdown rules. An important proportion declared increasing symptoms as assessed by angina (8%) or nitroglycerin use (2%). Only six patients (3%) reported drug discontinuation, mainly driven by media influence or family members for clopidogrel (n = 2), atorvastatin (n = 2), bisoprolol (n = 1), and for perindopril (n = 1). Strikingly, all 166 (85%) patients taking aspirin continued their prescribed daily intake (Fig. 1 ). In contrast, lifestyle rules were much less respected, since almost half (45%) declared >25% reduction in physical activity, 26% of smokers increased their tobacco consumption by >25%, and 24% of patients increased their body weight > 2 kg. Time spent in front of screens increased in 65% of patients. Table 1 shows clinical and lifestyle parameters according to the lockdown location. The decrease in physical activity and the increase in smoking were significantly greater in urban patients.
Fig. 1.
Drug adherence before and 4 weeks after the start of lockdown.
Table 1.
Clinical and lifestyle parameters.
| Total (n = 195) | Urban area (n = 116) | Rural area (n = 79) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical parameters | |||
| Increase in acute angina symptoms, n (%) | 12/154 (7.8) | 8/96 (8.3) | 4/58 (6.9) |
| Nitroglycerin use increase, n (%) | 3/131 (2.3) | 3/83 (3.6) | 0/48 (0) |
| Lifestyle parameters | |||
| Physical activity, n (%)⁎ | |||
| >25% decrease | 87/193 (45.1) | 59/114 (51.8) | 28/79 (35.4) |
| No change | 90/193 (46.7) | 45/114 (39.4) | 45/79 (57.0) |
| >25% increase | 16/193 (8.2) | 10/114 (8.8) | 6/79 (7.6) |
| Smoking increase (>25%), n (%)⁎ | 7/29 (24.1) | 7/17 (41.2) | 0/12 (0) |
| Alcohol consumption increase (>2 daily glasses), n (%) | 8/147 (5.4) | 4/84 (4.8) | 4/63 (6.3) |
| Body weight increase (>2 kg), n (%) | 48/186 (25.8) | 30/111 (27.0) | 15/75 (20.0) |
P < .05 (Fisher exact test) difference rural vs urban.
4. Discussion
Our study is the first to evaluate short-term consequences of COVID-19 lockdown in stay-at-home chronic coronary syndromes patients.
Patients reported a very high cardiovascular drug adherence, in particular for aspirin. The few cases of drug discontinuation were mainly influenced by the media or family members and not by limited access to care. This very high adherence for the four key cardiovascular therapeutic classes (i.e. antiplatelet drugs, statins, beta-blockers, and ACEIs/ARBs) in CCS patients [3] highlighted their self-management abilities and discernment regarding alarming information broadcast by the media. In France, as in other countries, media-based messages warning about ACEIs and ARBs started with the implementation of lockdown, and were compounded by disagreement on strategies among experts [2]. Other powerful messages on the deleterious impact of taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in case of COVID-19 may have been misinterpreted or could have alarmed aspirin users [4].
In contrast, lockdown negatively impacted lifestyle management, leading to an increase in unhealthy behaviors. In particular, a rapid (i.e. after only 4 weeks) decrease in physical activity was common (>50% in the urban population and 35% in the rural population). Moreover, body weight was reportedly increased in >25% of patients, which could be related to diet modifications, psychosocial stress and reduced physical activity. Interestingly, a high rate of smokers (≈25%) reported increased smoking. Probably because public meetings were prohibited, the increase in alcohol consumption was only 5%.
Our study has limitations. First, it was conducted in only one French administrative area which may limit the generalisability of our findings. However, it was a population-based study characterized by a well-balanced proportion of urban and rural areas. Our study sample size was also small, which also limits the conclusions of our findings. Finally, we did not evaluate mid- and long-term impact of COVID-19-related lockdown.
The COVID-19-related lockdown had a negative impact on lifestyle in a representative sample of stay-at-home CCS patients [5].
Grant support
This work was supported by the Dijon Football Côte d'Or, Dijon University Hospital, the French Federation of Cardiology, the Association de Cardiology de Bourgogne, and by grants from the Agence Régionale de Santé (ARS) de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and from the Regional Council of Burgundy-Franche-Comté.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Author statement
Amélie Cransac-Miet: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Marianne Zeller: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Frédéric Chagué: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Agnès Soudry Faure: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Florence Bichat: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Nicolas Danchin: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Mathieu Boulin: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Yves Cottin: This author takes responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Philip Bastable for his kind proofreading and Pauline Pistre, Mailis Saint Jalmes and Anthony Carmona for interviews.
References
- 1.Knuuti J., Wijns W., Saraste A. ESC guidelines. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur. Heart J. 2020;41(3):407–477. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Bavishi C, Maddox TM, Messerli FH. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and renin angiotensin system blockers. [published online April 3, 2020]. JAMA Cardiol. 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1282. [DOI] [PubMed]
- 3.Arnold S.V., De Lemos J.A., Lui Y. Adherence to guideline medication recommendations to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease progression among adults with prior myocardial infarction. JAMA Netw. Open. 2020;3(4) doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3032. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Shanthanna H, Strand NH, Provenzano DA, et al. Caring for patients with pain during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consensus recommendations from an international expert panel. [published online April 7, 2020]. Anaesthesia. 10.1111/anae.15076. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 5.Lippi G, Henry BM, Sanchis-Gomar F. Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease at the time of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [published online April 9, 2020]. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 10.1177/2047487320916823. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]