Figure 2.

Illustration of the major consequences elicited by TORCH infection in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). hNSCs can be infected by several TORCH pathogens such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Coxsackie B virus (CoxB), Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), and Herpes simplex virus (HSV). All these agents can lead to several and critical consequences such as cell death, proliferation impairment, unbalance of neurogenesis and gliogenesis, and migration impairment. Processes in bold are shared among TORCH pathogens. ER: endoplasmic reticulum.