Table 3.
Effect on hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, carotenoids compounds and antioxidant capacity ABTS+• and FRAP radical of dried loquat (ww).
| Sample ± | Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives (H) †¥ | Carotenoids (C) ††¥ | Antioxidant Capacity ¥ | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3-CQA | 3-p-CoQA | 5-CAQ | SG | 5-p-CoQA | 5-FQA | ∑H | Zea | β-C | cis-β-C | β-Cp | Neox | Zeam | β-Cpm | ∑C | ABTS+• | FRAP | |
| mg/kg ww | mg/kg ww | mmol Trolox/100 g ww | |||||||||||||||
| FD | 1282 ± 23 b | 274.2 ± 12.5 b | 2548 ± 23 b | 151.0 ± 10.3 a | 17.2 ± 1.2 b | 170.7 ± 1.2 a | 4394 c | 29.32 ± 2.55 b | 1182 ± 12 a | 83.55 ± 3.71 b | 445.5 ± 32.1 a | 189.0 ± 3.5 a | 225.6 ± 23.1 a | 446.4 ± 13.2 a | 2601 a | 3.08 ± 0.43 b | 2.21 ± 0.19 b |
| CD 50 °C | 1411 ± 12 a | 269.2 ± 13.4 b | 2913 ± 34 a | 114.9 ± 9.5 b | 8.41 ± 0.14 c | 165.2 ± 2.6 a | 4882 ab | 43.02 ± 3.66 a | 575.4 ± 21.3 b | 59.19 ± 2.43 c | 220.3 ± 12.5 b | 97.4 ± 5.3 b | 85.13 ± 10.31 b | 193.9 ± 8.3 b | 1274 b | 2.88 ± 0.27 bc | 1.54 ± 0.21 c |
| CD 60 °C | 1474 ± 21 a | 268.4 ± 10.8 b | 3055 ± 21 a | 163.7 ± 7.4 a | 9.21 ± 0.77 c | 168.5 ± 3.1 a | 5139 a | 41.55 ± 3.71 a | 520.3 ± 2.8 bc | 53.30 ± 3.65 c | 185.5 ± 10.4 c | 80.39 ± 4.7 b | 76.86 ± 9.43 b | 178.7 ± 2.54 bc | 1136 b | 3.14 ± 0.11 ab | 1.86 ± 0.10 c |
| CD 70 °C | 1455 ± 22 a | 289.4 ± 9.5 b | 3116 ± 18 a | 157.7 ± 10.7 a | 6.36 ± 8.51 c | 187.9 ± 4.8 a | 5211 a | 37.89 ± 3.21 a | 448.4 ± 8.6 c | 117.0 ± 11.8 a | 175.8 ± 10.6 c | 73.72 ± 5.32 b | 81.90 ± 9.11 b | 193.4 ± 2.7 b | 1128 b | 3.80 ± 0.54 a | 2.26 ± 0.09 b |
| VMD 240 W | 982.0 ± 10.6 c | 258.0 ± 18.4 b | 1751 ± 20 d | 128.4 ± 11.7 ab | 24.3 ± 2.1 a | 152.5 ± 1.9 b | 3297 d | 16.02 ± 2.61 b | 364.1 ± 2.6 d | 10.91 ± 0.99 d | 179.4 ± 13.5 c | 78.25 ± 5.78 b | 68.93 ± 7.91 b | 151.4 ± 5.3 c | 869.0 d | 2.12 ± 0.88 c | 1.77 ± 0.12 c |
| VMD 360 W | 1273 ± 25 b | 352.0 ± 25.4 a | 2374 ± 16 b | 168.3 ± 12.6 a | 19.2 ± 1.9 b | 149.1 ± 5.6 b | 4336 c | 19.74 ± 1.34 c | 612.3 ± 7.5 b | 53.68 ± 1.23 c | 217.4 ± 23.5 b | 107.1 ± 2.5 b | 83.31 ± 2.55 b | 214.1 ± 7.2 b | 1308 b | 0.97 ± 0.07 d | 0.97 ± 0.04 d |
| VMD 480 W | 1059 ± 27 bc | 243.7 ± 25.3 b | 2499 ± 18 b | 158.1 ± 10.4 a | 22.0 ± 1.5 a | 126.7 ± 6.3 b | 4109 c | 16.25 ± 1.32 c | 408.8 ± 12.5 d | 69.08 ± 3.67 bc | 167.0 ± 12.4 c | 87.90 ± 7.31 b | 92.06 ± 4.65 b | 201.5 ± 9.1 b | 1043 c | 3.02 ± 0.51 b | 3.11 ± 0.11 a |
| CPD-VMFD | 1378 ± 15 b | 267.1 ± 11.0 b | 2621 ± 16 b | 199.7 ± 9.3 a | 23.0 ± 1.4 a | 162.7 ± 7.7 a | 4651 b | 30.29 ± 2.76 b | 455.2 ± 9.8 c | 55.27 ± 6.32 c | 181.8 ± 4.8 c | 78.18 ± 8.54 b | 92.16 ± 12.5 b | 197.5 ± 10.9 b | 1090 c | 2.23 ± 0.37 c | 2.29 ± 0.23 b |
† 3-CQA: 3-caffeoyl quinic acid; 3-p-CoQA: 3-p-coumaroyl quinic acid; 5-CAQ: 5-caffeoyl quinic acid; SG: sinapoylglucoside; 5-p-CoQA: 5-p-coumaroyl quinic acid; 5-FQA: 5-feruloylquinicacid; ∑H: sum of hydroxycinnamic acids †† Zea: Zeaxanthin; β-C: β-carotene; cis-β-C: 15,15-cis-β-carotene; β-Cp: β-cryptoxanthin palmitate; Neox: neoxanthin; Zeam: zeaxanthin monopalmitate; β-Cpm: β-cryptoxanthin monopalmitate; ∑C: sum of carotenoids; ± FD: Freeze drying; CD: convective drying at 50 °C (CD 50), 60 °C (CD 60) and 70 °C (CD 70); VMD: vacuum-microwave drying at 240 W (VMD 240), 360 W (VMD 360) and 480 W (VMD 480); CPD-VMFD: combined drying. ¥ Mean values followed by different letter, within the same column, were significantly different (p < 0.05).