Table 11.
Summary of the saccharide electro-reduction processes.
| Starting Material | Catalyst | pH | Main Reaction Products | Yield | Selectivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mannose | Hg | Neutral | Mannitol | 62% | |
| Glucose | Pb | Alkaline (pH = 11) | Sorbitol | 59% | >95% |
| Pb | Alkaline (pH = 14) | Sorbitol and mannitol | 47% and 13% | ||
| Fe | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Co | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Ni | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Cu | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Pd | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Ag | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Au | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Al | Alkaline | Sorbitol | 100% | ||
| Zn | Alkaline | Sorbitol and 2-deoxysorbitol | 35% and 65% | ||
| Cd | Alkaline | Sorbitol and 2-deoxysorbitol | 61% and 39% | ||
| In | Alkaline | Sorbitol and 2-deoxysorbitol | 35% and 65% | ||
| Sn | Alkaline | Sorbitol and 2-deoxysorbitol | 10% and 90% | ||
| Sb | Alkaline | Sorbitol and 2-deoxysorbitol | 80% and 20% | ||
| Bi | Alkaline | Sorbitol and 2-deoxysorbitol | 75% and 25% | ||
| Xylose | Pb | Alkaline | Xylitol | 75% | |
| Galactose | Pb | Alkaline | Dulcitol | ||
| Lactose | Pb | Alkaline | Dulcitol and sorbitol | ||
| Sucrose | Pt | Alkaline | 2-, 1′-, and 3′-sucrose ester | 5:3:2 |