Table 2.

Summary of secondary metabolites modulated by AMF.

Secondary Metabolites	Plant Parts	AMF Species	Plant Species	Environmental Condition	Increase/Decrease	Reference
Carotenoid pathway
Blumenols	Roots	Rhizophagus irregularis	Senecio jacobea (Ragwort plant)	-	Increase	[118]
Blumenols	Shoot	Rhizophagus irregularis	Nicotiana attenuate	-	Increase	[59]
Carotenoids	Leaves	Glomus intraradices and G. mossae	Lettuce	-	Increase	[120]
Cyclohexenone conjugates	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Hordeum vulgare	-	Increase	[121]
Cyclohexenone derivatives with blumenin	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum	-	Increase	[122]
Cyclohexenone derivatives	Roots	Glomus intraradices, Glomus mossae and Gigaspora rosea	Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays	-	Increase	[123]
	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Tobacco and Tomato plants	-	Increase	[87]
	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Allium porrum	-	Increase	[124]
	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Medicago truncatula	-	Increase	[70]
Mono-, di-, and branched triglycosides of blumenol	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Ornithogalum umbellatum	-	Increase	[125]
Mycorradicin	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Ornithogalum umbellatum	-	Increase	[125]
Sesquiterpenoid cyclohexenone derivatives	Roots	Glomus intraradices	61 members of poaceae	-	Increase	[126]
Phenylpropanoid pathway
Bound phenolics	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Medicago truncatula	-	No change	[70]
Caffeoylshikimate	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Increase	[89]
Coniferyl alcohol	Roots	Rhizophagus irregularis+ Funneliformis mossae	Solanum lycopersicum	-	Increase	[64]
Coumarate	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Increase	[89]
Coumaryl acetate	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Increase	[89]
Coumaryl alcohol	Roots	Rhizophagus irregularis+ Funneliformis mossae	Solanum lycopersicum	-	Increase	[64]
Daidzein (Isoflavonoid)	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Medicago truncatula	-	Increase	[70]
Epicatechin	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Decrease	[89]
Ferulic acid	Roots	Rhizophagus irregularis+ Funneliformis mossae	Solanum lycopersicum	-	Increase	[64]
Flavonoids	Leaves	Funneliformis mossae	Cucumis sativa (Cucumber)	Chilling stress	Increase	[119]
Flavonoids	Leaves	Gigaspora albida+ Acaulospora longula	Anadenanthera colubrina	Increasing P concentration	Increase	[69]
Hydroxycinnamates	Shoots	Rhizophagus irregularis	Cichorium intybus	Metal toxicity	Increases without stress, no difference under stress	[127]
Hydroxycinnamic acid amides	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Hordeum vulgare	-	Increase	[128]
Hydroxycinnamic acid amides	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum	-	Increase	[122]
Lignans: Secoisolariciresinol Yatein	Root	Rhizophagus irregularis(Ri), Funneliformis mossae(Fm) and Claroideoglomu etunicatum(Ce)	Solanum lycopersicum	Salt stress	Increase	[86]
Lignin	Leaves	Funneliformis mossae	Cucumis sativa (Cucumber)	Chilling stress	Increase	[119]
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Increase	[89]
Malonylononin (Isoflavonoid)	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Medicago truncatula	-	Increase	[70]
Monolignans	Roots	Rhizophagus irregularis+ Funneliformis mossae	Solanum lycopersicum	-	Increase	[64]
Ononin (Isoflavonoid)	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Medicago truncatula	-	Increase	[70]
Phenolic acids	Roots+ shoots	Glomus mossae	Groundnut	-	Increase	[128]
Phenolic compounds: Cinnamic acid p-coumaric acid caffeic acid ferulic acid	Leaves	Funneliformis mossae	Cucumis sativa (Cucumber)	Chilling stress	Increase	[119]
Phenols	Leaves	Gigaspora albida+ Acaulospora longula	Anadenanthera colubrina	Increasing P concentration	Increase	[69]
Pinostrobin	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Increase	[89]
Quercetin (flavonoid)	Stems and leaves	Mixture of Glomus fasciculatum, G. mossae, and G. intraradices	Vitis vinifera	-	Increase	[129]
Rutin	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Increase	[89]
Scopoletin and its glucoside scopolin	Roots	Glomus intraradices	Tobacco and Tomato plants	-	Decrease	[87]
Scopolin	Leaves	Rhizophagus irregularis	Salix purpurea	-	Decrease	[89]
Tannins	Leaves	Gigaspora albida+ Acaulospora longula	Anadenanthera colubrina	Increasing P concentration	Increase	[69]
Alkaloids
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids	Roots	Rhizophagus irregularis+ Funneliformis mossae	Solanum lycopersicum	-	Increase	[64]
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids	Roots	Rhizophagus irregularis	Senecio jacobea (Ragwort plant)	-	Increase	[118]
Trigonelline (pyridine alkaloid)	Roots	Gigaspora rosea	Prosopis laevigata	-	Increase	[130]
Phytoalexins
Rishitin	Roots	Glomus etunicatum	Potato plantlets	Rhizoctonia solani pathogen	Increase	[131]
Solavetivone	Roots	Glomus etunicatum	Potato plantlets	Rhizoctonia solani pathogen	Increase	[131]
Antioxidants
Bioactive compounds: Picrocrocin Crocin II Quercitrin	saffron	Rhizophagus intraradices	Crocus sativus (saffron)	-	Increase	[132]
Caffeic acids	Shoot	Glomus caledonium and Glomus mossae	Sweet basil	-	Increase	[133]
Caffeic acids	Shoot	Glomus intraradices	Sweet basil	-	Same as non-mycorrhizal	[133]
Rosmarinic acid	Shoot	Glomus caledonium and Glomus mossae	Sweet basil	-	Increase	[133]
Rosmarinic acid	Shoot	Glomus intraradices	Sweet basil	-	Same as non-mycorrhizal	[133]
Plant defense and hormones
Abscisic acid	Leaf	Rhizophagus irregularis	Medicago truncatula	-	Increase	[134]
Catalpol	Leaf	Rhizophagus irregularis	** Monocot and dicots	-	Increased in Plantago lanceolate, slightly decreased in Veronica chamaedrys	[76]
Glucosinolates	Root	Funneliformis mossae	Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum	Water stress	Mostly decreased	[92]
Jasmonic acid Methyl jasmonate	Root	Rhizophagus irregularis(Ri), Funneliformis mossae(Fm) and Claroideoglomu etunicatum(Ce)	Solanum lycopersicum	Salt stress	Increase	[86]

** Monocot and dicots: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, Veronica chamaedrys, Medicago truncatula (Dicots) and Poa annua (Monocot).