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Supposed effects of BCKA supplementation on (i) the formation of BCAAs, (ii) diversion of glutamate from breakdown to ammonia to the BCAA and α-KG synthesis, (iii) protein balance, and (iv) the TCA cycle (anaplerosis). 1, branched-chain aminotransferase; 2, BCKA dehydrogenase; 3, ketoisocaproate (KIC) dioxygenase; 4, glutamate dehydrogenase.
