Table 1.
Participant characteristics, metabolic and endocrine profiles, odor detection thresholds, and odorant ratings.
| Total | Normal Weight (NW) | Overweight (OW) | Obese (OB) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (75, 37 females) | (n = 26, 14 females) | (n = 25, 12 females) | (n = 24, 11 females) | ||
| Characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 27.2 ± 3.7 | 26.1 ± 2.7 | 27.3 ± 1.3 | 27.7 ± 4.4 | p = 0.142 a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 5.3 | 22.4 ± 1.7 | 27.3 ± 1.3 | 34.1 ± 3.5 | p < 0.001 a |
| BDI sum | 4.0 ± 3.6 | 2.9 ± 3.0 | 4.5 ± 4.1 | 4.5 ± 3.4 | p = 0.169 a |
| Passive Smoke | 3.0 ± 8.5 | 4.8 ± 13.9 | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 2.1 ± 3.5 | p = 0.443 a |
| Metabolic profile | |||||
| HOMA-IR | 1.18 ± 0.79 | 0.71 ± 0.30 | 1.11 ±0.63 | 1.78 ± 0.94 | p = 0.019 b, p < 0.001 c, p = 0.018 d |
| Leptin | 15.59 ± 17.88 | 6.19 ± 3.92 | 12.65 ± 13.1 | 26.77 ± 23.25 | p < 0.001 a |
| Total ghrelin | 571.53 ± 218.17 | 604.35 ± 238.32 | 626.46 ± 186.43 | 478.75 ± 204.12 | p = 0.926 b, p = 0.097 c, p = 0.044 d |
| AG/UAG ratio | 19.92 ±14.21 | 21.39 ± 16.25 | 16.22 ± 8.67 | 22.19 ± 16.17 | p = 0.278 a |
| Odors | |||||
| N-butanol | |||||
| Pleasantness | 3.72 ± 1.80 | 3.23 ± 1.71 | 4.14 ± 2.03 | ns a | |
| Intensity | 7.28 ± 1.78 | 7.52 ± 1.80 | 6.67 ± 1.88 | ns a | |
| Familiarity | 5.72 ± 2.51 | 6.00 ±2.79 | 5.16 ± 2.65 | ns a | |
| Chocolate | |||||
| Pleasantness | 8.03 ± 1.46 | 7.76 ± 2.04 | 7.55 ± 1.54 | ns a | |
| Intensity | 7.99 ± 1.70 | 7.79 ± 1.64 | 7.79 ± 1.45 | ns a | |
| Familiarity | 8.61 ± 1.32 | 8.80 ± 1.24 | 8.26 ± 1.65 | ns a | |
| Grass | |||||
| Pleasantness | 7.31 ± 1.55 | 7.46 ± 1.92 | 6.58 ±2.51 | ns a | |
| Intensity | 7.73 ± 1.63 | 7.80 ± 2.05 | 7.64 ± 1.70 | ns a | |
| Familiarity | 7.69 ± 2.10 | 7.90 ± 2.83 | 7.35 ± 2.71 | ns a | |
Abbreviations: BMI—body mass index; BDI—Becks Depression Inventory; Passive Smoke—passive smoking hours per week; HOMA-IR—homeostatic model assessment—Insulin Resistance; AG/UAG ratio—ratio of acylated to unacylated ghrelin a—between all groups; b—between NW and OW group; c—between NW and OB group; d—between OW and OB group.