Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies. Main baseline characteristics of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) included in systematic review (SR) (further details are reported in Table S3 Table of results).
| First Author, Year of Publication | Country | Duration (Months) | Per protocol Caloric Restriction (% kcal) | Participants (int/ctrl) |
Females (int/ctrl) | Mean Age (yr) |
BMI (int/ctrl) | Extrapolated Outcomes | Inclusion of Healthy Participants |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armamento-Villareal 2012 | USA | 12 | Females: 31–47% * Males: 25–38% * |
26/27 | 18/17 | 75 | 37.2/37.3 | BMI, BC, BM, QoL | no |
| Buchowski 2012 | USA | 1 | 25% | 32/8 | 32/8 | 31.5 | 32.2/30.1 | BMI, BC, ABP, HP, lipids, IM | yes |
| Haas 2014 | USA | 12 | Females: 31% * Males: 25% * |
55/54 | 32/37 | 70.3 | 30–40 ** | BMI, BC, ABP, HP, lipids, IM | yes |
| Heilbronn 2006 | USA | 6 | 25% | 12/11 | 6/5 | 38.5 | 27.8 *** | BMI, BC, ABP, HP, GM, lipids, BM, IM, OM | yes |
| Racette 2006 | USA | 12 | 16–20% | 18/10 | 12/6 | 55.6 | 27.1/27.9 | BMI, ABP, HP, GM, lipids, IM | yes |
| Ravussin 2015 | USA | 24 | 25% | 143/75 | 99/53 | 35 | 25.2/25.1 | BMI, BC, HP, GM, lipids, IM, QoL, MI, SQ, SxF | yes |
| Sparks 2016 | USA | 24 | 25% | 33/18 | 23/11 | 39 | 25.3/25.1 | BMI, ABP, GM, lipids, OM | yes |
| Teng 2011 | Malaysia | 3 | 15–25% | 14/14 | 0/0 | 58.8 | 27.0/26.5 | BMI, BC, QoL, MI, SQ | yes |
For abbreviations: *—CR estimated assuming a daily energy requirement of 1600 kcal (females) and 2000 kcal—(males); **—BMI range; ***—average BMI value; int/ctrl—intervention/control; ABP—arterial blood pressure; BC—body composition; BMI—body mass index; GM—glucose metabolism; HP—hormone profile; IM—inflammatory markers; MI—mood indices; OM—oxidative markers; QoL—quality of life; SQ—sleep quality; SxF—sexual function.