Apatinib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a preliminary study

Abstract

Background

Apatinib, a selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR 2), has exhibited modest antitumor efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of apatinib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC.

Methods

All patients with advanced HCC who underwent sorafenib or apatinib between January 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Seventy-two patients received apatinib (26 patients, 500 mg, daily) or sorafenib (46 patients, 400 mg, twice daily) until disease progression or intolerable toxicities. Primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary outcomes included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR) per modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST), disease control rate (DCR), and safety.

Results

The median follow-up was 13.2 (5.7–20.7) months. The 1-year OS for apatinib of 62.0% was comparable to that of sorafenib [64.2%, hazard ratio (HR), 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.369–3.58]. The median PFS was 4.1 months in the apatinib group (95% CI, 3.2 to 7.4 months) and 3.6 months in the sorafenib group (95% CI, 2.7 to 5.9 months; HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.586 to 1.800; P=0.925). The apatinib group exhibited higher ORR (19.2% vs. 2.2%, P=0.012) but similar DCR (57.7% vs. 50%, P=0.530) compared with the sorafenib group. The most common any-grade adverse events in the apatinib and sorafenib groups were hand and foot syndrome (53.8% vs. 50%), hypertension (50% vs. 19.6%), diarrhea (34.6% vs. 28.3%), and elevated transaminase (57.7% vs. 63%).

Conclusions

Compared with sorafenib, apatinib yielded comparable PFS and OS, and even better ORR, in patients with advanced HCC.

Introduction

Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 90% of all primary hepatic malignancies (1,2). Despite recent advances in drug development, an estimated 70–85% of HCC patients diagnosed with advanced stage 2 have poor prognosis (3,4). Meanwhile, it has been reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the development and progression of HCC, and (5) thus, molecularly targeted therapy, especially agents targeting the VEGF and VEGF receptor, has occupied a pivotal role in the treatment of advanced HCC.

Sorafenib, a multitargeted small molecule tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) of the Raf kinase and the VEGF receptor (VEGFR), has been widely used as the first-line therapy for advanced HCC and recommended in Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer, National Comprehensive Cancer Network and Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines. However, the objective response rate (ORR) (2–3.3%) evaluated by the response evaluation criteria in solid tumor (RECIST) has been found to be low, with survival benefit being modest (2.8 and 2.3 months) in both Western and Asian populations (6,7). For more than ten years, sorafenib, was the only systemic agent available with a survival benefit for advanced HCC. Four failed phase 3 trials (sunitinib, brivanib, linifanib, and erlotinib plus sorafenib) did not show non-inferiority or superiority to sorafenib in terms of overall survival (OS) in first-line treatment of HCC (8-11). Recent years, several new drugs have showed prognosis benefit in advanced HCC, including TKI lenvatinib in the first-line and regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab in the second-line therapy (12-15).

Apatinib (Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) is a new oral small anti-angiogenesis molecule that specifically binds VEGFR-2 with a 10-fold greater binding affinity than sorafenib (16-18). In China, apatinib has been approved for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma patients (19). Two small pilot studies reported that apatinib could be well tolerated and effective for the treatment of advanced HCC (20,21). Recently, a study showed that HCC patients who received apatinib in dose of 750 mg once daily had promising outcome when compared with patients who received sorafenib. In our center, the initial recommended dose of apatinib was 500 mg. Having observed the positive tumor response with treatment of apatinib in our center since 2016, we aimed to compare the tumor response of apatinib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC according to the modified RECIST (mRECIST) with respect to (22,23) progression-free survival (PFS) and OS.

We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-5298).

Methods

Patient characteristics

This retrospective cohort analysis included consecutive patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib and apatinib in our hospital between January 2016 and December 2017. The eligibility criteria were as follows: advanced HCC confirmed by pathological examination or clinical evidence according to the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage category B, or category C HCC unamenable to locoregional resection or ablation, Child-Pugh class A, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score (ECOG PS) 0–2, and at least one measurable lesion by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 4 weeks before molecularly targeted therapy according to mRECIST. Tumor lesions located in an area subjected to previous local therapy had to show radiographic evidence of progressive disease (PD) to be considered a measurable lesion.

The exclusion criteria were the following: (I) lack of regular tumor response evaluation during the follow-up period; (II) transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), ablation or hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy within 4 weeks of sorafenib or apatinib treatment; (III) severe physical condition (e.g., severe­­­­­ cardiovascular disease, renal insufficiency).

The protocol of this retrospective designed study conformed to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre (no. YB2018-08) with waiver of informed consent.

Treatment and clinical follow-up

Multi-disciplinary discussion was used to determine if patients should receive apatinib or sorafenib. Apatinib 500 mg was orally self-administered once daily (QD), and the dose was reduced to 250 mg QD in the case of any grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs). Sorafenib 400 mg was administered orally twice daily, and the dose was reduced to 400 mg QD or 200 mg QD in the case of grade 3 or 4 AEs. Treatment continued until PD as defined by mRECIST, clinical progression, death, unacceptable drug-related toxicities, or refusal of treatment. Treatment interruptions and dose reduction were made based on toxicity. Patients were followed up for tumor response every 6 weeks in the first 3 months and every 8 weeks thereafter. AEs were assessed according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0).

PFS was defined as the time from the date of treatment to date of PD (radiological or clinical) or death due to any cause. OS was defined as the time from the date of treatment to death due to any cause. Patients still alive at the time of analysis were censored at their last date of follow-up. ORR was defined as the proportion of patients with complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) according to the mRECIST criteria. Disease control rate (DCR) was defined as the percentage of patients with CR, PR, or stable disease (SD).

Statistical analysis

The primary outcome was PFS, while secondary outcomes included OS, ORR, DCR, and safety. Continuous variables were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). and were compared with the independent samples t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test. Qualitative variables were presented as percentage and were compared using Chi-square test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards model were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Statistical analyses were performed using R 3.3 (www.r-project.org). P values lower than 0.05 (two-tailed) were considered significant. The key raw data in our study have been uploaded onto the Research Data Deposit public platform (www.researchdata.org.cn)(approval no. RDDA2018000566).

Results

Baseline

Between January 2016 and December 2017, 75 patients who received apatinib and 138 patients who received sorafenib treatment were identified, of whom 26 and 46 patients were finally enrolled, respectively. The remaining patients were excluded due to lacking regular tumor evaluation on CT or MRI (14 and 17 cases, respectively), or for having TACE, ablation, hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or combined therapy within 4 weeks of apatinib and sorafenib treatment (35 and 75 cases) (Figure 1). There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to demographics characteristics, tumor burden, and liver functions (Table 1). Furthermore, 15 (57.7%) patients in the apatinib group and 25 (54.3%) patients in the sorafenib group had extrahepatic metastasis, while 12 (46.2%) patients in the apatinib group and 20 (43.5%) patients in the sorafenib group had major vascular invasion

Figure 1.

Flow chart.

Table 1. Demographic and disease characteristics at baseline of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Variable	Apatinib group (n=26) [cases (%)]	Sorafenib group (n=46) [cases (%)]	P
Sex, female/male	2/24 (7.7/92.3)	2/44 (4.3/95.7)	0.552
Age, years	48.1 [42.3, 53.0]	52.6 [44.8, 61.9]	0.161
Hepatitis			0.444
None	5 (19.2)	4 (8.7)
HBV	21 (80.8)	40 (87.0)
HCV	0	1 (2.2)
HBV + HCV	0	1 (2.2)
ALB, g/L	43.6 [41.2, 45.4]	42.1 [38.9, 45.1]	0.260
TBIL, µmol/L	15.8 [10.3, 21.9]	14.0 [11.6, 15.8]	0.218
PT, s	12.5 [12.1, 12.5]	12.5 [12.5, 12.5]	0.155
AFP, ng/mL	39.8 [6.8, 765.6]	39.8 [15.0, 1,069.0]	0.596
Tumor number			0.499
1	4 (15.4)	11 (23.9)
2	0	1 (2.2)
≥3	22 (84.6)	34 (73.9)
Tumor size (cm)	6.1 [2.4, 9.7]	5.8 [2.6, 9.0]	0.731
BCLC stage, B/C	6/20 (23.1/76.9)	11/35 (23.9/76.1)	0.936
Vascular invasion, no/yes	14/12 (53.8/46.2)	26/20 (56.5/43.5)	0.826
Extrahepatic metastasis, no/yes	11/15 (42.3/57.7)	21/25 (45.7/54.3)	0.784

Values are presented as the median [IQR] or n (%). AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALB, albumin; BCLC stage, Barcelona clinic liver cancer stage; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; TBIL, total bilirubin; PT, prothrombin time.

Treatment efficacy

No patient in either treatment group had a CR according to mRECIST (Table 2). In total, 5 (19.2%) patients in the apatinib group versus 1 (2.2%) patient in the sorafenib group had a PR (P=0.012); 10 (38.5%) patients in the apatinib group versus 22 (47.8%) patients in the sorafenib group had a SD (P=0.442); 11 (42.3%) patients in the apatinib group versus 23 (50%) patients in the sorafenib group had a PD (P=0.530); and 15 (57.7%) patients in the apatinib group and 23 (50%) patients in the sorafenib group achieved disease control (P=0.530). (Representative images in Figures 2 and 3).

Table 2. Best tumor responses for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent either apatinib or sorafenib.

Response	Apatinib group (n=26) [cases (%)]	Sorafenib group (n=46) [cases (%)]	P value
Objective response	5 (19.2)	1 (2.2)	0.012
Disease control	15 (57.7)	23 (50.0)	0.530
Complete response	0	0	1.000
Partial response	5 (19.2)	1 (2.2)	0.012
Stable disease	10 (38.5)	22 (47.8)	0.442
Progressive disease	11 (42.3)	23 (50.0)	0.530

P values were calculated using a two-sided Chi-square test

Figure 2.

Representative images before and after apatinib treatment in case 1. In this 48-year-old man with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, baseline contrast-enhanced CT (A) demonstrates multifocal tumors. After 8 weeks of therapy with apatinib. Multifocal tumors have decreased in density and size (B), showing greater homogeneity and better defined margins. Findings at follow-up CT represent response according to CT-morphologic criteria.

Figure 3.

Representative images before and after apatinib treatment in case 2. In this 39-year-old man with primary hepatocellular carcinoma, baseline contrast-enhanced CT (A) demonstrates irregular nodular with portal vein tumor thrombus. After 8 weeks of therapy with apatinib, there is over 30% decrease in diameter of the sum of target lesions through arterial-enhancing CT and MRI.

The last date of follow-up was December 31, 2018. Median follow-up was 7.4 months (95% CI, 5.7–14.7 months) in the apatinib group and 16.2 months (95% CI, 13.1–20.7 months) in the sorafenib group.

Median PFS was 4.1 months (95% CI, 3.2–7.4 months) for patients receiving apatinib and 3.6 months (95% CI, 2.7–5.9 months) for patients receiving sorafenib. The 6-month and 1-year PFS rates were 26.4% and 13.2% for the apatinib group and 32.6% and 17.1% for the sorafenib group, respectively. Both groups had comparable PFS (HR 1.03; 95% CI, 0.586–1.80; P=0.925; Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Kaplan-Meier estimated progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) curves of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the sorafenib and apatinib groups.

In total, 18 (25%) of the 72 enrolled patients died [4 (15.4%) of 26 in the apatinib group and 14 (30.4%) of 46 in the sorafenib group]. The 6-month and 1-year OS rates were 95.8% and 62.0% for the apatinib group and 84.0% and 64.2% for the sorafenib group, respectively. The OS was not significantly different between the two groups [HR 1.15 (95% CI 0.369–3.58); P=0.811; Figure 4].

Adverse events

Treatment-emergent adverse events are listed in Table 3. The most common clinically relevant events were hand and foot syndrome [14 patients (53.8%) in the apatinib group vs. 23 patients (50%) in the sorafenib group], hypertension [13 patients (50%) vs. 9 patients (19.6%)], diarrhea [9 patients (34.6%) vs. 13 (28.3%)], rash [6 patients (23.1%) vs. 9 patients (19.6%)], fatigue [6 patients (23.1%) vs. 10 patients (21.7%)], thrombocytopenia [6 patients (23.1%) vs. 10 patients (21.7%)], proteinuria [5 patients (19.2%) vs. 8 patients (17.4%)], and leukopenia [4 patients (15.4%) vs. 7 patients (15.2%)]. Adverse events in both groups were predominantly grade 1 or 2. Finally, 6 patients in the apatinib group and 8 patients in the sorafenib group who experienced grade 3 or 4 adverse events received dose adjustment. No treatment-related fatal adverse events were observed.

Table 3. Treatment-emergent adverse events by apatinib and sorafenib.

Adverse events	Apatinib group (n=26) [cases (%)]			Sorafenib group (n=46) [cases (%)]
	Any grade	Grade 3–5		Any grade	Grade 3–5
Hand and foot syndrome	14 (53.8)	3 (11.5)		23 (50.0)	3 (6.5)
Hypertension	13 (50.0)	3 (11.5)		9 (19.6)	3 (6.5)
Diarrhea	9 (34.6)	2 (7.7)		13 (28.3)	2 (4.3)
Rash	6 (23.1)	0		9 (19.6)	0
Fatigue	6 (23.1)	0		10 (21.7)	0
Elevated transaminase	15 (57.7)	0		29 (63.0)	0
Proteinuria	5 (19.2)	1 (3.8)		8 (17.4)	1 (2.2)
Vomiting	3 (11.5)	1 (3.8)		6 (13.0)	1 (2.2)
Fever	1 (3.8)	0		2 (4.3)	0
Leukopenia	4 (15.4)	1 (3.8)		7 (15.2)	1 (2.2)
Thrombocytopenia	6 (23.1)	2 (7.7)		10 (21.7)	2 (4.3)
Neutropenia	3 (11.5)	1 (3.8)		6 (13.0)	1 (2.2)
Anemia	7 (26.9)	0		13 (28.3)	0

Discussion

This study compared the effectiveness of apatinib with sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC. Our study showed apatinib to be comparable to sorafenib in PFS and OS. We found that apatinib provided a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in terms of ORR but not DCR, according mRECIST.

Currently, sorafenib is approved by the Food and Drug Administration of the United Status as the first-line therapy for advanced HCC. Unfortunately, sorafenib provides only a modest benefit, which necessitates alternative effective treatment regimens. Studies of patients treated with sorafenib yielded an ORR of only 2.0­–3.3% (6,7,24). Our study also had a similar result in sorafenib group with 2% of patients (1/46) showing PR and half of the patients (23/46) having SD.

Apatinib was approved for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer in 2014 by the China Food and Drug Administration. Other studies have also reported that apatinib shows significant effectiveness in non-small-cell lung cancer and non-triple-negative metastasis breast cancer (25-27). In a phase II clinical trial of apatinib in patients with advanced HCC, the DCR was 48.57% and 37.25%, while the time to progression (TTP) was 4.21 and 3.32 months in patients treated with a doses of 850 and 750 mg/day, respectively (28). Apatinib-related adverse events were dose dependent. The DCR reached 57.7% even with 500 mg daily apatinib. A similar tumor response rate with an acceptable safety profile has been reported in advanced HCC patients treated with a low-dose of apatinib (21).

Current studies of apatinib in HCC mainly involve Asian populations (20,21,28), in whom hepatitis B virus (HBV) is still the largest attributable factor of HCC. In contrast, the majority of HCC cases in Europe and American are caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and alcohol. Meta-analysis data suggest that HCC patients with HCV infection may have a better response to sorafenib than those with other underlying causes of cirrhosis (29). However, the difference in tumor response to apatinib among Asian and Western population remains unknown.

This study was primarily designed to compare PFS evaluated by mRECIST after treatment of apatinib and sorafenib. The mRECIST has been proven to be more robust than the RECIST in assessing the response of tumor in HCC patients treated with molecularly targeted therapy, as devascularization is a better hallmark of response than shrinkage of tumor in HCC (23). In our study, the ORR was significantly higher in the apatinib group than in the sorafenib group.Apatinib is a highly selective VEGFR-2 inhibitor and thus may exert a stronger effect on anti-angiogenesis. Short-term treatment of apatinib could cause tumors to shrink dramatically by blocking the blood supply. In addition, apatinib may rescue more liver surgeries or ablations in patients with initially unresectable HCC with a higher ORR. Our results strongly support a prospective and randomized study to explore the value of apatinib in conversion therapy.

However, given the retrospective nature of the, current study, some limitations should be kept in mind. First, this study only included a relatively small sample size of patients treated with apatinib. There were only 18 death events, so risk factors associated with long-term survival could not be assessed. In addition, retrospective study does not always guarantee a complete data set, and thus missing data might have hindered some aspects of the analysis.

Conclusions

Apatinib exhibited superior objective response by mRECIST and comparable PFS and OS compared with sorafenib in advanced HCC. Further prospective randomized studies are required to clarify the benefit of apatinib.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013), and the Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center approved this study (No. YB2018-08). Because of the retrospective nature of the research, the requirement for informed consent was waived.