Clinical efficacy and safety of enhanced recovery after surgery for patients treated with radical cystectomy and ileal urinary diversion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) and ileal urinary diversion (IUD). We performed a literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and three main Chinese databases (WANFANG, CNKI and VIP) in December 2019 without language restrictions. Two reviewers independently selected studies, evaluated methodological quality and extracted data using Cochrane Collaboration’s tools. Efficacy was assessed by the time to first flatus, first bowel movement, and hospitalization time. Safety was assessed by 30-day readmission and complications after surgery. Our searches identified 6 studies, including 628 patients. A total of 323 (51%) patients took ERAS. We observed that ERAS reduced the time to first flatus [standard mean difference (SMD): −1.65, 95% CI: −2.63 to −0.68, P=0.0009], first bowel movement (SMD: −1.14, 95% CI: −1.78 to −0.50, P=0.0005), and hospitalization time (MD: −4.09, 95% CI: −6.34 to −1.85, P=0.0004). We did not detect significant difference in terms of 30-day readmission [relative risk (RR): 1.33, 95% CI: 0.61–2.88, P=0.48] and postoperative complications (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.65–1.26, P=0.56) between ERAS and conventional recovery after surgery (CRAS). Our findings indicated that ERAS protocols throughout the perioperative period of RC with IUD might reduce hospitalization expenses and contribute to higher turnover ward, more efficient utilization of medical resources and lower risk of nosocomial infection as a result of shorter length of stay. Besides, early rehabilitation of gastrointestinal function might not only facilitate wound healing and early mobilization, thereby reducing the incidence of basic complications such as cardiopulmonary disease, but also improve patients’ psychological trauma and stress response, increase self-confidence and motivation in treatments, and then lead to unexpected benefits. Further large volume, multicenter randomized controlled studies are warranted before making the final clinical guidelines.

Introduction

Bladder cancer is one of the most common fatal urological malignancies worldwide (1), which has troubled patients a lot and brought serious economic burden to many families. Radical cystectomy (RC) with urinary diversion (UD) has been currently the gold standard for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer and high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (2). RC with UD is a complex surgical procedure involving urinary system and intestinal system, which is associated with considerable perioperative mortality and morbidity (3).

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) or multi-disciplinary fast-track surgery was initially described by Kehlet (4) in the late 1990s, which aimed to minimize surgical trauma and stress response, reduce surgical related complications, and accelerate postoperative recovery in the perioperative period. The concept of ERAS has been widely used in various operations in the past decades, especially in colorectal surgery (5). In recent years, ERAS has gradually attracted the attention of urologists with the development of minimally invasive RC, the focus on the concept of organ function protection and the improvement of UD technology. The previous meta-analysis (6-9) performed cumulative analyses of a large number of published observational studies, which favored the efficacy of ERAS for the perioperative management of RC with UD. However, the inherent limitations of observational studies biased the pooled estimates in favor of ERAS, thus lowering the level of evidence of the previous meta-analysis (6-9). Herein, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing ERAS to conventional recovery after surgery (CRAS) to provide a higher level of evidence and guide clinical practice based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) at home and abroad. We present the following article in accordance with the PRISMA reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-19-941).

Methods

Study selection

In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines (10), a systematic literature search was conducted in December 2019 based on computerized databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and three main Chinese databases (WANFANG, CNKI and VIP) without language restrictions. Search terms or keywords used included bladder cancer, enhanced recovery after surgery, radical cystectomy, and fast track surgery. The search strategy used in PubMed was as follows: Search ((((Fast track surgery [Title/Abstract]) OR enhanced recovery after surgery protocols [Title/Abstract]) OR ERAS[Title/Abstract])) AND radical cystectomy [Title/Abstract]. Moreover, we performed a manual search of the reference lists of the included studies or relevant review to ensure literature saturation. All RCTs reporting the outcomes interested were included.

Selection criteria

The eligibility of studies was defined using the PICOS method: Patients (P): patients treated with RC and ileal urinary diversion (IUD) through open, laparoscopic or robot-assisted approach; Intervention (I): ERAS; Comparison (C): publications comparing ERAS to CRAS; Outcomes (O): efficacy was assessed by the time to first flatus, first bowel movement, and hospitalization time. Safety was assessed by 30-day readmission and postoperative complications. The complications included ileus, deep vein thrombosis, infection of incision, intestinal fistula, leakage of urine, urinary tract infection and wound healing disorders. Study design (S): RCTs. Studies with overlapping or insufficient data were excluded. We also excluded review, lectures, meeting abstracts and meta-analysis. Three independent reviewers (D Feng, S Liu and Y Lu) screened study based on titles and abstracts. Studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were retrieved for full-text assessment. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers (D Feng, S Liu). Discrepancies were resolved by another researchers (W Wei). The manuscript was revised by the reviewer (P Han).

Quality assessment

Two independent authors (D Feng, S Liu) evaluated the methodological quality of the studies (Figure 1) according to the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias (RoB) tool in Review Manager software (https://community.cochrane.org/help/tools-and-software/revman-5). This tool primarily evaluates 7 domains: random sequence generation (selection bias); allocation concealment (selection bias); blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias); blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias); incomplete outcome data (attrition bias); selective reporting (reporting bias); other bias (such as funding sources).

Figure 1.

The risk of bias summary of included studies.

D Feng and S Liu independently rated the level of evidence of the included articles using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria (11). This scale graded studies from strongest (level 1) to weakest (level 5) strength of evidence according to study design and data quality.

Figure 1 presents the RoB summary of the 6 RCTs (12-17). In general, included studies had a low risk of attrition bias (incomplete outcome data) and reporting bias (selective reporting). However, the risk of performance biases was high. The risk of selection bias was unclear due to lack of related description.

Statistical analysis

The continuous and dichotomous variables were described as means ± standard deviation (SD) and proportions, respectively. Median and range were used to estimate mean and SD (18). The percentiles, 25th and 75th percentiles as well as 5th and 95th percentiles, were transformed to SD through the following formula: SD ≈ Norm IQR = (P75 − P25) ×0.7413 (IQR: inter-quartile range, P75: 75th percentile, P25: 25th percentile) (19).

We calculated pooled estimates of the mean difference (MD) or standard mean difference (SMD) and relative risk (RR) for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. We used the Cochran Q test to assess between-study heterogeneity (20). We also did I² testing to evaluate the magnitude of the heterogeneity with values >50% regarded as being significant heterogeneity (21). The random effects model was used when the trials yielded heterogeneity (P<0.1). Otherwise, the fixed effects model was used. Significance was set at P<0.05. We conducted a subgroup analysis according to the type of UD. This meta-analysis was accomplished by RevMan5 (version 5.3).

Results

Search results

Four hundred possible studies were identified from the database and 6 trials (12-17) comparing ERAS to CRAS were included in the final analysis with 3 English articles (12-14) and 3 Chinese articles (15-17). The study selection process is summarized in Figure 2, and Table 1 details the characteristics of enrolled studies.

Figure 2.

The study selection process (10).

Table 1. The baseline characteristics of included studies.

Study	Country	Sample (ER/CR)	Matching/comparable variables#	Outcomes&	Level of evidence
Karl 2014	Germany	62/39	I, III, IV, V	6, 7, 11, 12	2b
Cai 2016	China	20/20	I, II, VI	1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12	2b
Qian 2016	China	30/30	I, II, VI, VII	1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11	2b
Lin 2018	China	144/145	I, II, III, V, VII, VIII, IX	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12	1b
Frees 2018	Canada	10/13	I, II, III, IV, V	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	2b
Fan 2018	China	57/58	I, II, III	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12	2b

^#, I, age; II, sex; III, body mass index; IV, American Society of Anesthesiologists score; V, diversion type; VI, history of previous surgery; VII, clinical stage; VIII, concurrent CIS; IX, surgery approach. ^&, 1, the time to first flatus; 2, the time to first bowel movement; 3, hospitalization time; 4, 30-day readmission; 5, overall complications; 6, ileus; 7, deep vein thrombosis; 8, infection of incision; 9, intestinal fistula; 10, leakage of urine; 11, urinary tract infection; 12, wound healing disorders.

Clinical efficacy of ERAS

Five studies (13-17) reported the time to first flatus with 527 consecutive patients undergoing ERAS (n=261) and CRAS (n=266). The pooled analysis showed a significantly shorter time to flatus in the ERAS group compared with control group (SMD: −1.65, 95% CI: −2.63 to −0.68, P=0.0009; Figure 3). There was statistical heterogeneity between the trials (P<0.00001; I²=94%).

Figure 3.

The outcomes of this meta-analysis. ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; CRAS, conventional recovery after surgery.

Four studies (13,14,16,17) containing 487 patients (241 in the ERAS group and 246 in the CRAS group) reported the time to first bowel movement. The pooled analysis showed a significantly shorter time to first bowel movement in the ERAS group compared to CRAS group (SMD: −1.14, 95% CI: −1.78 to −0.50, P=0.0005; Figure 3) with highly between-study heterogeneity (P<0.0001, I²=87%).

Five studies (13-17) contained 527 patients reported the result of hospitalization time. Patients in the ERAS group experienced shorter hospitalization time compared to CRAS group (MD: −4.09, 95% CI: −6.34 to −1.85, P=0.0004; Figure 3). There was statistical heterogeneity between the trials (P<0.00001; I²=96%).

Clinical safety of ERAS

Three studies (13,14,16) contained 427 patients (211 in the ERAS group and 216 in the CRAS group) reporting 30-day readmission. The pooled data from the random-effects model demonstrated no significant difference between the ERAS and SC groups (RR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.61–2.88, P=0.48; P=0.72, I²=0%; Figure 3).

In general, ERAS did not significantly reduce the risk of short-term complications. In raw terms, data from 4 trials (13-16) showed that approximately 49.5% (231/467) of the ERAS patients had a complication compared with 50.5% (236/467) of patients in the CRAS group. Moreover, the pooled analysis did not detect significant difference between ERAS and CRAS (RR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.65–1.26, P=0.56; P=0.45, I²=0%; Figure 3). Specifically, we did not observe significant difference in terms of ileus [4 studies (12,13,15,16); RR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.50–1.18, P=0.22; Figure 4], deep vein thrombosis [2 studies (12,15); RR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02–1.20, P=0.07; Figure 4], infection of incision [3 studies (13,15,16); RR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.40–1.66, P=0.58; Figure 4], intestinal fistula [2 studies (13,17); RR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.15–2.48, P=0.48; Figure 4], leakage of urine [2 studies (13,17); RR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.21–1.85, P=0.40; Figure 4], and urinary tract infection [2 studies (12, 17); RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.55–1.39, P=0.58; Figure 4]. However, the pooled data from 4 studies (12,13,15,16) showed that patients in the ERAS group had a lower risk of wound healing disorders than that in ERAS group (RR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35–0.96, P=0.03; Figure 4) with no significant between-study heterogeneity (P=0.50, I²=0%).

Figure 4.

The outcomes of specific complications in this meta-analysis. ERAS, enhanced recovery after surgery; CRAS, conventional recovery after surgery.

RC with ileal conduit

We conducted a subgroup analysis according to the type of UD. Only three studies (13,15,17) containing 280 patients (141 in the ERAS group and 139 in the CRAS) were included in the final analysis for the time to first flatus. For patients undergoing RC with ileal conduit, we observed a significantly shorter time to flatus in the ERAS group compared with CRAS group (SMD: −1.43, 95% CI: −2.80 to −0.07, P=0.04). However, there was statistical heterogeneity between the trials (P<0.00001; I²=95%).

Discussion

RU with IUD is a widely used complex procedure which results in stress-induced catabolism, impaired organ function, and a reduced level of physical activity and malnutrition (13). Additionally, RC with IUD is often associated with considerable intestinal-related complications, because the ileum is often used as a substitute material for bladder in UD (2,3,13). Thus, the perioperative management for patients treated with RC and IUD has been critically performed for many years. Conventionally, this procedure demand preoperative nasogastric tube insertion, preoperative intestinal preparation, and postoperative fasting, which may depress postoperative recovery (13).

ERAS pathways are standardized, multimodal, interdisciplinary protocols which involve modern anesthesia, minimally invasive techniques, optimal analgesia, and aggressive postoperative rehabilitation with early ambulation mobilization and oral nutrition (7,13) and aim to improve surgical outcomes by reducing variation in perioperative best practices (7). ERAS model contained a series of perioperative treatment measures based on evidence-based medicine to reduce perioperative physical and psychological trauma and stress response, so as to accelerate the recovery process (22). For example, Yang and his colleagues (23) performed a meta-analysis involving 2 RCTs and 2 cohort studies and they showed that the use of comprehensive bowel preparation for UD surgery using ileum does not offer any significant advantage over limited bowel preparation. A meta-analysis conducted by Zhao et al. (24) showed that the insertion of nasogastric tube after RC with UD cannot shorten the time of gastrointestinal function recovery or reduce the incidence of complications. Additionally, the previous review and meta-analysis showed that preoperative carbohydrate loading or hydration (25), goal-directed therapy (26,27), chewing gum (28) and prokinetics (29) showed advantages of gastrointestinal recovery after RC. Furthermore, Deibert et al. (30) conducted the first RCT to evaluate the impact of early feeding on recovery after RC and they indicated that ERAS protocols standardize postoperative care and early feeding is a well-tolerated addition. Table 2 details the ERAS protocols of included studies. Only 2 studies (12,14) have no preoperative mechanical bowel preparation, and almost all studies (12,13,15,17) have no preoperative nasogastric tube. Besides, all studies require postoperative early mobilization and early oral feeding. Notably, attention should also be paid to preoperative education (13-17).

Table 2. ERAS protocol summary of each included studies.

Study	Preoperative/intraoperative							Postoperative				Special comments
	POEb	MBP	CL	EDA	FM	NGTa		Prokinetics	EOF/EM	Opioid sparing	Drain
Karl 2014	N	N	NR	Y	NR	N		Y	Y/Y	Y	24 to 48 h	–
Cai 2016	Y	Y	NR	NR	NR	N		NR	Y/Y	Y	NR	–
Qian 2016	Y	Y	Y	NR	NR	N		NR	Y/Y	NR	NR	Prolonging oxygen inhalation after surgery
Lin 2018	Y	Y	N	NR	NR	N		Y	Y/Y	Y	NR	–
Fan 2018	Y	Y	NR	Y	Y	N		NR	Y/Y	Y	NR	Low molecular weight heparin
Frees 2018	Y	N	Y	Y	Y	NR		Y	Y/Y	NR	NR	Low molecular weight heparin, compression stockings, chewing gum

^a, if the NGT was removed at the end of the surgery, the study was classified as not leaving an NGT postoperatively; ^b, preoperative education includes operation related risks, individualized psychological care and specific rapid rehabilitation measures. CL, carbohydrate loading; EDA, epidural anesthesia; EM, early mobilization; EOF, early oral feeding; FM, goal-directed fluid management; MBP, mechanical bowel preparation; POE, preoperative education; N, no; NGT, nasogastric tube; NR, not reported; Y, yes.

Urologists began to pay attention to the application of ERAS in urological surgery due to the great success of ERAS in the postoperative management of other surgeries, especially in colorectal surgery (12,31,32). Pruthi and his colleague (33) conducted a retrospective study in 2003 and they found ERAS could reduce morbidity and improve recovery with regard to the early institution of an oral diet and early hospital discharge. Since then, many observational studies and a few RCTs have been conducted and four meta-analysis (6-9) have been performed attempting to determining the efficacy of ERAS for the management of RC with UD. Most of the studies included in these meta-analysis (6-9) were observational studies and their findings supported the implementation of ERAS with regard to length of stay and the time to recovery of bowel function. However, complications are controversial. Several studies (6,9) concluded that ERAS group had a lower rate of overall complications than that of CRAS group, whereas others did not (7,8). Only one study (6) summarized specific complications and the findings indicated that postoperative paralytic ileus was significantly lower in the ERAS group than that in the CRAS group. Furthermore, the UD modalities included in these meta-analyses (6-9) were inconsistent. Thus, we think it is necessary to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs comparing ERAS to CRAS to confirm the clinical efficacy and safety of ERAS protocols.

Similar to the previous studies (6-9), our study showed that ERAS protocols might accelerate gastrointestinal recovery and shorten length of stay as a result of shorter time to first flatus and first bowel movement, and shorter hospitalization time. Additionally, we also observed no significant difference with regard to 30-day readmission. Unlike the previous meta-analysis (6), our meta-analysis showed no significant difference between ERAS group and CRAS group in terms of postoperatively overall complications and postoperative ileus. However, we found that patients in the ERAS group had a lower risk of wound healing disorders than that in ERAS group. We believe that the focus of ERAS program is on management of postoperative rehabilitation. Early recovery of intestinal function can promote early regular diet, thereby creating conditions for wound healing. Other complications may be mainly determined by the operation itself. Therefore, shorter time to flatus and bowel movement are unlikely to improve the overall complication rate. In addition, we think that early recovery of gastrointestinal function might facilitate wound healing and early mobilization, thereby reducing the incidence of basic complications such as cardiopulmonary disease. However, due to the limitation of available data, we cannot assess the time to first mobilization and the risk of basic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, early functional rehabilitation may improve patients' psychological trauma and stress response, increase self-confidence in treatment and motivation to cooperate with treatment, and then contribute to unexpected benefits.

Our study did have the following limitations. Firstly, the heterogeneity of this study is mainly derived from the specific measures of ERAS protocol between the trials, and the other heterogeneity includes the surgical approaches [one study with open radical cystectomy (ORC), laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC) and robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) (13), three studies with LRC (15-17), and two studies (12,14) with no specification], the study population, the experience of the surgeon, and the definition of the outcomes measures. Secondly, our previous meta-analysis indicated that minimally invasive approaches could be considered as a feasible and safe alternative to ORC when performed by experienced surgeons in selected patients (34), and patients with RARC may benefit from significantly lower complications, shorter LOS, higher lymph node yield and lower death risk (35). In this study, we are unlikely to assess the impact of surgical approaches on EARS due to the limitation of available data. Thirdly, emphasis of ERAS protocol is placed on the management of rehabilitation after RC. However, we are unable to evaluate early mobilization and the risk of basic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders. Last, the limited RCTs and the rather small sample make it difficult to emphatically confirm the advantages of ERAS. Further large prospective randomized, double-blind study conducted by large volume and experienced surgeons are warranted to confirm our findings and definitively resolve this important controversy in urology. Besides, high-quality meta-analysis based on high-quality RCTs is still needed to improve the elements of ERAS protocols.

Our research has initially confirmed the efficacy and safety of ERAS protocol on management of patients undergoing. The direction and focus of future researches are to achieve a comprehensive and standardized approach throughout the perioperative period based on evidence-based medicine.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that ERAS protocols throughout the perioperative period of RC with IUD might reduce hospitalization expenses and contribute to higher turnover ward, more efficient utilization of medical resources and lower risk of nosocomial infection as a result of shorter length of stay. Besides, early rehabilitation of gastrointestinal function might not only facilitate wound healing and early mobilization, thereby reducing the incidence of basic complications such as cardiopulmonary disease, but also improve patients’ psychological trauma and stress response, increase self-confidence and motivation in treatments, and then lead to unexpected benefits. Further large volume, multicenter randomized controlled studies are warranted before making the final clinical guidelines.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.