To the Editor:
In December 2019 an outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) started in Wuhan, China, and has since become a global threat to human health.1 Abnormal levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) have been reported during disease progression in 14–53% of patients infected with this virus.1 Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare autoimmune liver disease that is still poorly understood.2 The cornerstone of treatment is the use of immunosuppressive drugs including azathioprine and corticosteroids. In patients with advanced liver disease, liver transplantation is sometimes necessary.
In the current COVID-19 pandemic, these patients require special attention as most of them have underlying liver damage. Furthermore, the effect of immunosuppression on the severity of COVID-19 disease is unclear. Several reports suggest that even in highly endemic areas patients with AIH are not showing increased risk of adverse outcomes.3 In the early phase of the pandemic, management protocols were proposed for these patients based on the preliminary experience in Northern Italy and China.4
In Belgium, the epidemic started in early March 2020 leading to a generalized lockdown on 15 March 2020. The peak of the pandemic was reached on 9 April 2020. At that moment, the COVID-19 notification rate was 161 per 100,000 inhabitants.5
We carried out a phone-based survey in our patients treated for AIH between 1 May and 30 June 2020. The questionnaire asked for the presence of COVID-19-related symptoms (fever, anosmia, respiratory symptoms), testing for COVID-19 and adherence to national guidelines for the prevention of COVID-19 contamination (social distancing, use of face mask etc.). The goal of this survey was to assess the number of patients with AIH developing COVID-19 and the impact of AIH on disease course and outcome. A second goal was to evaluate the effect of quarantine measures on the number of infections with SARS-CoV-2 in patients with AIH.
At the moment of the survey, 160 patients with biopsy-proven AIH were followed in our center. After exclusion of patients with PBC and PSC overlap syndromes, 110 patients were eligible for inclusion. Of these, 85 patients could be reached by phone and were included in the survey. Clinical characteristics and study results are summarized in Table 1 .
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, COVID-19 infection and outcome in patients with autoimmune hepatitis.
| Number of patients | 110 |
| Survey Response rate | 85 (77.3%) |
| Female | 64 |
| Male | 21 |
| Age (Mean) | 53 |
| Immunosuppressive regimen | |
| Azathioprin | 41 (48.23%) |
| 6-Mercaptorpurin | 2 (1.8%) |
| MMF | 4 (3.6%) |
| Clyclosporin | 2 (1.8%) |
| Tacrolimus | 1 (0.9%) |
| Methylprednisolone | 13 (11.8%) |
| Budesonide | 16 (14.5%) |
| Azathioprine + Budesonide | 3 (2.7%) |
| Azathioprine + Methylprednisolon | 3 (2.7%) |
| Symptoms compatible with COVID-19 | |
| Fever (>38°C) | 6 (7.1%) |
| Cough | 7 (8.2%) |
| Anosmia | 3 (3.5%) |
| Malaise | 0 (0%) |
| COVID-19 test performed | 7 (8.2%) |
| COVID-19 test positive | 1 (1.2%) |
| Outcome | |
| Hospitalisation | 3 (3.5%) |
| Decompensation liver disease | 0 (0%) |
| Survived | 85 (100%) |
In this cohort, 7 patients developed symptoms compatible with a COVID-19 infection. The infection was confirmed by a positive nasal-pharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid using a real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR assay in only one of these patients. This 51-year-old woman had undergone a liver transplant in 2017 for decompensated AIH-related cirrhosis. Her husband developed a COVID-19 infection the week before. Her immunosuppressive regimen consisted of cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). She was admitted to the hospital due to respiratory insufficiency and required supplemental oxygen. However, there was no need for invasive ventilation and the patient did not develop other organ failures. Only supportive treatment was provided and the patient recovered well. MMF was stopped upon admission. There was no decline in liver function. At the last visit the patient shows a full recovery.
At the start of the pandemic, all patients with AIH attached to our hospital were sent a letter advising them to adhere to protective measures (social distancing, ….) and to continue immunosuppressive treatment. Only 1 patient considered stopping this treatment, but all patients continued treatment after all.
In conclusion, in this AIH cohort, patients adhered to protective guidelines issued in the COVID-19 pandemic and showed a very limited infection ratio. This supports the idea that immunosuppressive treatment should not be stopped in patients with AIH, even during the COVID-19 pandemic,4 but preventive measures remain crucial and life-saving.
Financial support
The authors received no financial support to produce this manuscript.
Authors' contributions
Study design: XV, AG, HVV. Data collection: NS, HD. Data analysis: XV, NS. Drafting of mansucript: XV, HVV. Review of final manuscript: all.
Conflict of interest
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details.
Footnotes
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.035.
Supplementary data
References
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