¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging reveals characteristics of angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract

Background

The objective of this study was to explore the benefit of ¹⁸F-AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (denoted as ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT) imaging for determining the clinical pathologic features of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

Seventy-two patients with NSCLC (37 cases of adenocarcinoma and 35 cases of squamous carcinoma) were enrolled to receive ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT scanning pretreatment. The peak standard uptake value (SUV_peak), mean standard uptake value (SUV_mean), angiogenic tumor volume (ATV) and total lesion angiogenesis (TLA) of tumors were determined using an automated contouring program. Cases were classified according to the tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) stage.

Results

Significant differences in ATV and TLA were observed among T1, T2, T3 and T4 cases (ATV, P=0.000; TLA, P=0.000). ATV and TLA also differed significantly among cases of clinical stage I, II, III and IV (ATV, P=0.002; TLA, P=0.011). However, no significant differences in any values were observed between stage III and IV NSCLC cases (SUV_peak, P=0.675; SUV_mean, P=0.668; ATV, P=0.52; TLA, P=0.634). All assessed values were higher in squamous cell carcinoma cases than in adenocarcinoma cases (SUV_peak, P=0.045; SUV_mean, P=0.014; ATV, P=0.003; TLA, P=0.001). For clinical stage III and IV cases specifically, SUV_peak, SUV_mean, and TLA were higher for squamous cell carcinoma than for adenocarcinoma (SUV_peak, P=0.015; SUV_mean, P=0.009; TLA, P=0.036).

Conclusions: ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging revealed the presence of increased angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment of NSCLC, especially squamous cell carcinoma, and thus may be valuable in planning therapeutic regimens for individual patients.

Introduction

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with a 5-year survival rate from diagnosis of only approximately 18% (1). Generally, accurate pathological diagnosis and the tumor, lymph node, metastasis (TNM) stage are particularly important for the development of individualized treatment strategies. Concurrent chemotherapy/radiotherapy (CCRT) is recommended as the first-line treatment for patients with inoperable stage II (node positive) and stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (2). With the continued development of novel agents targeting specific mutations or pathways associated with angiogenic mechanisms, promising clinical benefits are driving the acceptance of these therapies as first-line choices rather than third-line in cancer treatment (2). However, the curative effects of CCRT, targeted therapy, and antiangiogenic therapy vary even among the NSCLC cases of the same TNM stage (3-5). Therefore, new parameters representing the clinical features of NSCLC are needed in order to identify populations that will be responsive to specific treatments.

Neovascularization, one important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), is often highly abnormal and heterogeneous within tumors. It is the basis of tumor proliferation, invasion, recurrence and metastasis (6). The process of angiogenesis is a pathological situation in which new capillaries sprout from existing vessels primarily composed of endothelial cells (7,8). Functional and structural angiogenic abnormalities can lead to impaired tissue perfusion, directly resulting in a hypoxic TME and fueling tumor progression and treatment resistance (9-11). From this perspective, angiogenesis-based in vivo imaging could be a valuable clinical tool for noninvasive evaluation of the TME. High expression of integrin avβ3 in activated endothelial cells make this protein a potential surrogate parameter for angiogenesis in tumors (12,13). As the tripeptide moiety of arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) interacts specifically with integrin αVβ3 and exhibits a significant positive correlation with αVβ3 expression, RGD-based molecular imaging intuitively represents a potentially feasible imaging approach for assessing angiogenesis with the TME (14-16).

Our previous study demonstrated that ¹⁸F-ALF-NOTA-PRGD2 can be used to characterize tumor angiogenesis clearly (17). However, that study only analysed the correlation between RGD uptake values and the antiangiogenic effect in 28 pan-cancer patients, including only 9 lung cancer patients. To better demonstrate the biological characteristics of NSCLC, the present study was carried out to explore the correlation between the angiogenic status and clinical pathologic features of NSCLC using ¹⁸F-ALF-NOTA-PRGD2 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (denoted as ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT) imaging.

We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tlcr-20-187).

Methods

Our investigation of 72 patients was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) and approved by the Ethical Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute (No. SDTHEC20130326). All patients provided written consent for participation in this study.

Patients

Patients with cytologically or histologically confirmed NSCLC were prospectively enrolled and underwent ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT scanning at baseline at the Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute.

¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT scanning

A lyophilized kit for labeling the PRGD2 peptide (Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine) was used according to the previously published protocol (18). No fasting or specific CT contrast agents were needed. PET scans were performed 60 min after intravenous injection of ¹⁸F-RGD at approximately 1.89±0.37 MBq/kg. The PET scans were acquired on a combined PET/CT scanner (GEMINI TF Big Bore; Philips Healthcare) for 5 min per field of view. A low-dose CT scan for attenuation-correction and localization purposes was also acquired. The patients were advised to remain motionless and to breathe shallowly during the examination.

Imaging data processing

All the PET and CT imaging data were transferred into MIM software (MIM, 6.1.0, Cleveland, OH, USA). The radiotracer concentration in the regions of interest (ROIs) was normalized to the injected dose per kilogram of the patients’ body weight to derive the standardized uptake values (SUVs). ROIs were drawn on transverse slices of the PET scanning images with reference to the CT slices by experienced nuclear medicine physicians, and the MIM software would directly delineate the target tumor with a drawing threshold of 40% (maximum SUV) SUV_max. The peak SUV (SUV_peak), mean SUV (SUV_mean), angiogenic tumor volume (ATV) and total lesion angiogenesis (TLA) were also calculated automatically. The TLA represented the product of SUV_mean and ATV.

Measurement of tumor size

The greatest dimension of the primary tumor was obtained on CT images by two experienced nuclear medicine physicians. The greatest dimension was classified as T1 (dimension ≤3 cm), T2 (3 cm < dimension ≤5 cm), T3 (5 cm < dimension ≤7 cm) or T4 (dimension >7 cm), referring to the definitions for T, N, and M in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines (2).

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Imaging parameters were compared between cases according to clinical TNM stages and pathologic types using independent-samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and associations between imaging parameters and clinical TNM stage and pathologic type were determined by Spearman or Pearson correlation analysis. Probability values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

From July 2013 to March 2019, 72 patients diagnosed with NSCLC based on cytology or histological examinations at Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute were enrolled in the study. The patients’ characteristics are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Characteristics of included patients.

Characteristics	Outcome
Age (years), median (range)	60 (44–85)
Gender, n
Female	20
Male	52
Smoking, n
Yes	46
No	26
KPS, median (range)	85 (70–100)
Pathological subtype, n
Adenocarcinoma	37
Squamous carcinoma	35
Clinical stage, n
I	7
II	7
III	45
IV	13
Greatest dimension, n
≤3 cm	28
3–5 cm	26
5–7 cm	13
>7 cm	5

Relationships between ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters and greatest tumor dimension

The SUV_peak, SUV_mean, ATV and TLA were positively correlated with greatest tumor dimension (SUV_peak, r=0.234, P=0.048; SUV_mean, r=0.241, P=0.042; ATV, r=0.595, P=0.000; TLA, r=0.584, P=0.000). ATV and TLA were found to differ significantly among tumors of the T1, T2, T3 and T4 size categories (ATV, 17.45±17.71, 37.67±24.27, 69.37±53.14 and 107.62±50.57, respectively, P=0.000; TLA, 38.10±30.52, 109.85±75.81, 240.95±225.01 and 430.31±334.26, respectively, P=0.000), whereas no significant differences in SUV_peak and SUV_mean were found among the T1, T2, T3 and T4 categories (SUV_peak, 3.69±1.83, 4.63±1.90, 4.99±2.66 and 5.54±2.45, respectively, P=0.215; SUV_mean, 2.54±1.23, 3.06±1.37, 3.27±1.76 and 3.60±1.65, respectively, P=0.315) (Figure 1). Overall, the ATV and TLA values increased significantly with increasing tumor diameter.

Figure 1.

¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters according to different categories of greatest tumor dimension.

Relationships between ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters and clinical stage

Significant increases in ATV and TLA were seen with advancing clinical stage from I to IV (ATV, r=0.378, P=0.001; TLA, r=0.313, P=0.008). Moreover, the ATV and TLA values differed significantly among clinical stage I+II, stage III and stage IV (ATV, P=0.002; TLA, P=0.011) (Table 2, Figure 2). However, no significant differences in any of the imaging parameters (SUV_peak, SUV_mean, ATV and TLA) were found between clinical stage III and IV (SUV_peak, P=0.675; SUV_mean, P=0.668; ATV, P=0.52; TLA, P=0.634).

Table 2. Relationships between ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters and clinical staging.

Parameters	TNM stage			P
	I+II	III	IV
SUVpeak	4.37±1.99	4.52±2.29	4.11±1.66	0.882
SUVmean	2.97±1.32	3.01±1.56	2.69±1.06	0.881
ATV	13.10±8.64	45.90±43.44	50.03±39.50	0.002
TLA	38.91±30.85	153.98±197.38	133.38±133.05	0.011

ATV, angiogenic tumor volume; TLA, total lesion angiogenesis.

Figure 2.

¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters according to different clinical stages of NSCLC.

Relationships between ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters and pathological subtype

Significantly higher SUV_peak, SUV_mean, ATV and TLA values on ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging were seen for squamous carcinoma as compared to adenocarcinoma (P=0.045, P=0.014, P=0.003 and P=0.001, respectively) (Table 3, Figure 3). For clinical stage III and IV NSCLC specifically, all imaging parameters were higher in squamous carcinoma cases than in adenocarcinoma cases (SUV_peak, 4.98±2.44 vs. 3.69±1.46, P=0.015; SUV_mean, 3.34±1.66 vs. 2.41±0.93, P=0.009; 50.36±40.50 vs. 42.15±44.94, P=0.111; TLA, 186.90±212.40 vs. 99.81±125.73, P=0.036; Figure 4).

Table 3. Relationships between ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters and pathological subtype of NSCLC.

Parameters	Pathological subtype		P
	Squamous carcinoma	Adenocarcinoma
SUVpeak	5.05±2.40	3.96±2.10	0.045
SUVmean	3.37±1.63	2.53±1.14	0.014
ATV	48.99±39.77	33.09±40.53	0.003
TLA	181.77±207.19	79.10±110.95	0.001

NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; ATV, angiogenic tumor volume; TLA, total lesion angiogenesis.

Figure 3.

¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters according to different pathological subtype of NSCLC. SC, squamous carcinoma; AD, adenocarcinoma.

Figure 4.

Representative ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT scans of adenocarcinoma with low RGD uptake values (A, SUV_peak =1.68, SUV_mean =1.13, ATV =77.92, TLA =87.71) and squamous carcinoma with high RGD uptake values (B, SUV_peak =8.58, SUV_mean =5.80, ATV =163.42, TLA =947.72).

Discussion

In support of the development of personalized precision medicine, it is very important to characterize the clinical pathological heterogeneity of lung cancer among patients. The results of our current study provide clinical evidence that ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging parameters correlate significantly with the greatest tumor dimension, clinical stage and pathological subtype of NSCLC, with higher SUVs correlating with later stage squamous carcinoma and larger tumor diameter.

Several studies have demonstrated advantages of RGD-based imaging over fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-based imaging. Wei et al. conducted micro-PET imaging in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice using both imaging modalities, and the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT for identifying necrotic tumor area and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) were higher than those of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT (19). Additional clinical studies also reported advantages of RGD-based imaging over FDG-based PET/CT, showing that ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT is more sensitive and applicable for evaluating the heterogeneity of the TME, especially as associated with integrin αVβ3 expression or angiogenesis (20,21). Previous studies primarily focused on evaluating the heterogeneity between NSCLC and SCLC using RGD PET/CT imaging (20,21). Kang et al. showed that NSCLC had higher ⁽⁶⁸⁾Ga-RGD uptake values than SCLC and was unlikely to benefit from anti-angiogenic therapy (22). However, until now, no clinical studies have explored the heterogeneity of angiogenic status in NSCLC.

The present study mainly focused on intra-tumor TME heterogeneity in patients with NSCLC on the basis of recognized clinical staging. It is well known that additional neovascularization is needed for adequate nutrient transfer as the tumor diameter increases, especially beyond a volume of 2 mm³ (23). Our results revealed a significant positive correlation between the greatest tumor dimension and RGD uptake values. This trend demonstrated that our imaging parameters are reflective of the true dimension of the tumor, and thus, RGD PET/CT could be valuable tool for assessing the TME.

The ATV and TLA values were higher for stage III or IV NSCLC cases than for stage I and II cases, and this result was similar with findings in glioma, in which RGD uptake values also showed positive correlation with World Health Organization (WHO) grading (21,24). However, we found no statistically significant differences in RGD uptake parameters between stage III and IV cases. Notably, the RGD uptake parameters SUV_peak, SUV_mean and TLA were all significantly higher for squamous cell carcinoma than for adenocarcinoma, even among stage III and IV NSCLC cases. Based on these data, we propose that the parameters obtained by ¹⁸F-RGD PET can reflect the TME heterogeneity effectively and, as such, may offer a certain comparative advantage over traditional TNM staging.

In our study, the ATV and TLA values were significantly greater in cases of squamous cell carcinoma, implying that neovascularization in squamous carcinoma may be more abundant than that in adenocarcinoma. Our original study revealed the phenomenon that higher RGD uptake values are associated with better responses to antiangiogenic therapy in preclinical and clinical studies (17,25), suggesting that squamous carcinoma may have a better therapeutic effect in antiangiogenic therapy. Certainly, researchers should not only focus on the treatment efficacy, but also pay attention to the safety management in clinical applications. It is still an essential step to assess the risk of bleeding during clinical decision-making for individual patients.

Additionally, the higher RGD uptake values could predict the poor efficacy of chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced NSCLC, which may result from the hypoxic TME and treatment resistance caused by nonfunctional tumor neovascularization (9-11,26). In general, ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT molecular imaging related to αVβ₃ expression provides a tool for assessing tumor heterogeneity and thus offers predictive value for personalized tumor therapy. Further studies with larger cohorts of NSCLC patients and related subgroup analyses are warranted to investigate this possibility.

Conclusions

The TME of NSCLC with a large dimension and advanced clinical stage, especially squamous cell carcinoma, is more likely to present extensive angiogenesis, and related parameters on ¹⁸F-RGD PET/CT imaging can be applied in the planning of appropriate therapeutic regimens.

Supplementary

The article’s supplementary files as

Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Our investigation of 72 patients was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) and approved by the Ethical Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute (No. SDTHEC20130326). All patients provided written consent for participation in this study.