Dear Sirs,
COVID-19 pandemic due to SARS-CoV2 virus is ongoing, with a fatality rate around 5.4% [1]. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMO/SD) is a rare disabling disease requiring immunosuppressive therapy. The risk of severe COVID-19 remains unknown in NMO/SD. The aim of this case-series study is to describe the prevalence and characteristics of COVID-19 in NMO/SD patients.
We conducted a monocentric retrospective case-series study of NMO/SD patients with highly suspected or proven COVID-19. They fulfilled at least one of the three NMO diagnostic criteria sets [2–4] and were registered in the NOMADMUS cohort (gathering data from French expert NMO/SD centers). Among 117 NMO/SD patients followed in the department of neurology of Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, 75 were questioned by phone about COVID-19 infection between 05/05/2020 and 06/15/2020 (33 were lost to follow-up, 9 were unreachable by phone). We collected demographics, neurological history, comorbidities, COVID-19 characteristics and outcome. COVID-19 diagnosis was retained on ≥ 1 of the following criteria was fulfilled: (1) positive SARS-CoV2 PCR (naso-pharyngeal swab) or serology (IgG); (2) typical thoracic ground glass opacities on CT scan; (3) acute anosmia/ageusia of sudden onset in the absence of rhinitis or nasal obstruction; (4) typical triad symptoms (cough, fever, asthenia) in epidemic zone of COVID-19. The study received approval from the ethic committee of Sorbonne University (#CER-2020-19).
Demographical and clinical characteristics of the 75 NMO/SD questioned by phone are summarized in Table 1. During the lockdown in France (03/17/2020–05/11/2020), neurologists were available at hospital and by phone/video consults. NMO/SD treatments were maintained, including in-hospital infusions. Patients mostly stopped 100% (n = 44; 58.7%) or > 50% of their outings (n = 29; 38.7%); two patients (2.7%) continued to attend their workplace. Nine patients (12.0%) reported an interaction with a symptomatic person.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the NMO/SD cohort (n = 75)
| Female, n (%) | 59 (78.7%) |
| Age, mean (± SD) | 43.9 (± 14.1) |
| Serology, n (%) | |
| Positive AQP4-IgG | − 46 (61.3%) |
| Positive MOG-IgG | − 23 (30.7%) |
| Negative AQP4- and MOG-IgG | − 6 (8.0%) |
| EDSS, median [Q1–Q3] | 4.5 (2.0–7.0) |
| Disease duration, median [Q1–Q3] | 6.0 (3.0–11.5) |
| Immunosuppressive treatment, n (%): | |
| Azathioprine | − 23 (30.7%) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | − 19 (25.3%) |
| Anti-CD20 therapy | − 20 (26.7%) |
| Plasmapheresis | − 4 (5.3% |
| Mitoxantrone | − 1 (1.3%) |
| Intravenous immunoglobulin | − 1 (1.3%) |
| Add-on corticotherapy, n (%) | 9 (12.0%) |
Five patients (6.7% of the whole cohort) fulfilled the diagnosis of COVID-19 (Table 2). Their last biological analysis before COVID-19 [median (Q1–Q3) delay: 45 (10–60) days] found: grade 1 lymphopenia (n = 3/5) or normal lymphocyte count (n = 1/5), and normal neutrophilic counts (n = 4/5, missing data for one patient). The two patients receiving anti-CD20 treatment had a B-lymphocyte depletion. No patient had a severe infection or neurological state worsening. One patient treated with anti-CD20 and weekly plasmapheresis was hospitalized for closed monitoring he did not require oxygenotherapy, had a normal thoracic CT scan, and plasmapheresis was resumed three weeks later.
Table 2.
Characteristics of NMO/SD patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection, n = 5
| Patient | Sex | Age (year) | Comorbidity | Antibody status | NMO/SD duration (year) | NMO/SD treatment (duration, year) | Corticotherapy (last 30 days) | EDSS | COVID-19 duration (days) |
COVID-19 symptoms | Clinical status (nadir) | COVID-19 test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | F | 35 | None | AQP4-IgG + | 17 |
Azathioprine (1 y) |
No | 4 | 14 | Fever, cough, asthenia, headache, diarrhea | No limitation | SARS-CoV2 IgG + |
| #2 | F | 27 | None | AQP4-IgG + | 6 | Azathioprine (2.5y) | No | 0 | 30 | Ageusia/anosmia, asthenia, headache | Limitation of activity | Not available |
| #3 | F | 27 | Obesity | AQP4-IgG + | 11 | Mycophenolate mofetil (3y) | No | 1 | Not available | Ageusia/anosmia, cough, asthenia | No limitation | Not available |
| #4 | M | 35 | None |
AQP4-IgG− and MOG-IgG− |
2 |
Anti-CD20, Plasmapheresis (1y) |
No | 6.5 | 3 | Fever | Hospitalized without oxygen |
SARS-Cov2 IgG−, PCR + |
| #5 | F | 20 | None | AQP4-IgG + | 12 | Anti-CD20 (2.5y) | No | 3 | 7 | Ageusia/anosmia, asthenia | No limitation |
SARS-Cov2 IgG−, PCR + |
Comorbidity: hypertension, ischemic cardiopathy, obstructive sleep apnea, asthma, pulmonary embolism, diabetes, obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2)
F female, M male, y years, d days
In this systematic survey of 75 NMO/SD patients, 6.7% had a highly suspected or confirmed COVID-19, which is consistent with the estimated seroprevalence in Ile-de-France [5]. This rate is slightly higher than the 3.8% prevalence reported in an Iranian study [6], while a large survey in China described a very low risk of COVID-19: 2 confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia out of 3060 NMO/SD patients [7]. Despite ongoing immunosuppressive therapy, no severe infection was encountered in our study. It may be related to the young age and low rate of comorbidity in the infected patients. Some authors reported a favorable outcome of COVID-19 in anti-CD20-treated patients [8,9], possibly due to its minor impact on T-cell counts [10]. A beneficial effect on the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV2 remains to be confirmed [11], but other immunosuppressive treatments are studied for this purpose [12]. As we observed in 2 patients, anti-CD20 treatment may prevent the development of antibodies targeting SARS-CoV2 [8].
Our study has limitations: the sample size is small and COVID-19 tests were poorly available during the outbreak of SARS-CoV2 in France: hence, they were not performed in asymptomatic patients. However, this systematic survey of a French NMO/SD center has resulted in the detection of mild cases of COVID-19 among this immunosuppressed population, which probably would not have been reported otherwise. It highlights a similar prevalence to the local population and a benign course of COVID-19, without any case of flare-up of the neurologic disease. Consistently with a French cohort study on MS patients [13], this survey is reassuring about the risk of severe COVID-19 in NMO/SD-immunosuppressed patients and supports the maintenance of immunosuppressive treatments for NMO/SD during COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, social distancing should still be maintained in case of another outbreak of SARS-CoV2.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflicts of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
References
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