COVID-19-induced anosmia associated with olfactory bulb atrophy

Abstract

As the global COVID-19 pandemic evolves, our knowledge of the respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms continues to grow. One such symptom, anosmia, may be a neurologic marker of coronavirus infection and the initial presentation of infected patients. Because this symptom is not routinely investigated by imaging, there is conflicting literature on neuroimaging abnormalities related to COVID-19-related anosmia. We present a novel case of COVID-19 anosmia with definitive olfactory bulb atrophy compared with pre-COVID imaging. The patient had prior MR imaging related to a history of prolactinoma that provided baseline volumes of her olfactory bulbs. After a positive diagnosis of COVID-19 and approximately 2 months duration of anosmia, an MRI was performed that showed clear interval olfactory bulb atrophy. This diagnostic finding is of prognostic importance and indicates that the olfactory entry point to the brain should be further investigated to improve our understanding of COVID infectious pathophysiology.

Main text

Although hyposmia or anosmia has been reported in as many as 60% of patients who are symptomatic with COVID-19, imaging of the olfactory nerve is not routinely employed. The olfactory nerve is small and only well seen on dedicated skull base magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so prospective assessments of its changes have been lacking. We present a case of a COVID-19 patient with anosmia showing atrophy of the olfactory bulbs by MRI in comparison with a pre-symptomatic MRI obtained for an unrelated cause.

A 19-year-old female presented to the otolaryngologist with persistent anosmia after a RT-PCR and serological confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 1 month prior. At the time of presentation, the patient had a negative RT-PCR and resolution of COVID-19-related respiratory symptoms, but had not recovered her sense of olfaction. The patient underwent a skull base MRI, approximately 2 months after the onset of anosmia. Because of a history of prolactinoma treated medically, the patient had multiple prior MRIs over the course of 4 years. Compared with these multiple prior MRIs, visual and quantitative assessment of a coronal T2 fat-suppressed sequence through the anterior cranial fossa showed new bilateral atrophy of the olfactory bulbs (Fig. 1). The patient’s most recent olfactory bulb volumes measured 3 years before COVID-19-induced anosmia were 49·5 mm³ and 47·46 mm³. In comparison, the olfactory bulb volumes on the MRI after COVID-19-induced anosmia were 29·96 mm³ and 35·51 mm³, smaller than the minimum olfactory bulb volume in the literature of 54 mm³ in women < 45 years of age [1].

Fig. 1.

Coronal T2 fat-suppressed 3-mm thick images a before and b after diagnosis of COVID-19. Notice the smaller size of olfactory bulbs (anatomic left in yellow arrows) within the olfactory grooves, as evidenced by increased CSF (blue arrows) above the nerve. c Timecourse of patient’s olfactory bulb size over 5 years, with a pronounced decrease on the most recent timepoint on the far right, occurring after diagnosis of COVID-19

Olfactory bulb volume loss in patients within the broad category of post-infectious anosmia is correlated with the duration of olfactory loss [2, 3]. Although the exact pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced anosmia has not been definitively elucidated, Brann et al. suggest that anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients may be due to viral infection of the olfactory epithelial support cells such as the sustentacular cells and Bowman’s gland cells [4]. Our results build upon recent imaging findings of the acute inflammatory phase of COVID-19-induced anosmia by showing definitive atrophy compared with baseline imaging [5].

This case highlights a neuroimaging finding in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection described only once before in the literature [5], with the novel addition of pre-COVID imaging confirming definitive atrophy. A limitation of this case is that the patient did not undergo formal psychophysical testing of her olfactory function. Olfactory bulb atrophy visualized on MR imaging occurs significantly more in patients with objectively measured olfactory dysfunction of various etiologies [6], but currently there are no studies assessing the correlation of olfactory bulb atrophy and objective olfactory tests specifically in COVID-19 patients. Future studies may evaluate changes in olfactory bulb volume in larger cohorts of COVID-19 patients at multiple timepoints with supplementary objective psychophysical olfactory function testing. MR imaging may then allow clinicians to provide patients with a more accurate prognosis regarding olfaction.

Funding

No funding was received for this study.

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Specifically, Dr. Chiu, Dr. Fischbein, Dr. Zaharchuk, and Dr. Zeineh have nothing to disclose. Dr. Yun reports personal fees from Intersect ENT, outside the submitted work.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in the studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. More specifically, an institutional Retrospective IRB was used.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of images in this short report.