Table 1.
Sample Characteristics for the Full Sample and by Gender (N = 5,914)
| Variables | Full sample (N = 5,914) | Men (N = 2,391) | Women (N = 3,523) | Chi-square/t test | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | n (%) | Mean (SD) | n (%) | Mean (SD) | n (%) | ||
| Age in years (range: 50–98) | 67.36 (10.72) | 67.46 (10.69) | 67.29 (10.74) | −0.62 | |||
| Older adults (Ref = the middle- aged [50–64]) | 3,214 (54.35) | 1,282 (53.62) | 1,932 (54.84) | 0.86 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 3,839 (64.91) | 1,587 (66.37) | 2,252 (63.92) | 8.81* | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,073 (18.14) | 391 (16.35) | 682 (19.36) | ||||
| Hispanic | 746 (12.61) | 310 (12.97) | 436 (12.38) | ||||
| Other | 256 (4.33) | 103 (4.31) | 153 (4.34) | ||||
| Married/partnered | 3,328 (56.27) | 1,649 (68.97) | 1,679 (47.66) | 262.83*** | |||
| Education in years (range: 0–17) | 13.13 (2.96) | 13.21 (3.08) | 13.07 (2.88) | −1.72 | |||
| Annual household income (thousands) | 75.88 (112.17) | 87.59 (122.60) | 67.94 (10.38) | −6.64*** | |||
| Working status | 2,169 (36.68) | 965 (40.36) | 1,204 (34.18) | 23.46*** | |||
| Comorbidities (range: 0–8) | 2.27 (1.52) | 2.22 (1.52) | 2.31 (1.52) | 2.14* | |||
| Having ADLs | 917 (15.51) | 342 (14.30) | 572 (16.32) | 4.43* | |||
| Self-rated health (range: 1–5) | 3.13 (1.02) | 3.16 (1.03) | 3.12 (1.02) | −1.72 | |||
| Depressive symptoms (range: 0–8) | 1.36 (1.92) | 1.12 (1.69) | 1.53 (2.04) | 7.98*** | |||
| Cognitively normal | 4,783 (80.88) | 1,901 (79.51) | 2,882 (81.81) | 5.80 | |||
| Cognitively impaired but not demented | 964 (16.30) | 412 (17.23) | 552 (15.67) | ||||
| Demented | 167 (2.82) | 78 (3.26) | 89 (2.53) | ||||
| Self-perception of aging (range: 1–6) | 3.00 (1.11) | 3.00 (1.11) | 3.00 (1.10) | −0.08 | |||
| Perceived age discrimination (yes) | 1,715 (29.00) | 693 (28.98) | 1,022 (29.01) | 0.00 |
Note: Race/ethnicity of “Other” includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, and Pacific Islander. ADLs = activities of daily living.
*p < .05. ***p < .001.