SARS-CoV-2 viremia may predict rapid deterioration of COVID-19 patients

Abstract

COVID-19 has raised worldwide concern as spiraling into a pandemic. Reports about comprehensive investigation of COVID-19 viremia are extremely scanty. Herein, we present four COVID-19 patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test in blood, accounting for 12.12% of 33 detected cases. Rapid deterioration of these cases with septic shock, accompanying with lung CT images enlarged rapidly, decrease of blood oxygen, heart rate drop (with asynchrony of hypoxemia) accompanied with SARS-CoV-2 viremia. It indicates that massive replication and releasing into blood of SARS-CoV-2 and secondary inflammation storm may lead to injury of multiple organs and poor prognosis. So, positive COVID-19 nucleic acid test in blood may be a good forecasting marker of rapid deterioration of COVID-19 pneumonia. In addition, clearance of viremia may indicate tendency for recovery.

Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly from Asia to other continents and spiraled into pandemic.¹ As of June 2nd 2020, there were 83,002 confirmed patients and 4634 deaths in 31 provinces in China,¹ with a mortality rate of 5.58%. Globally,² there were 6,140,934 confirmed cases and 373,548 confirmed deaths in 216 countries, areas or territories in June 2nd 2020, with a mortality rate of 6.08%. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an essential diagnostic tool. However, a large proportion of the COVID-19 reports focuses mainly SARS-CoV-2 detection on respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts, ignoring the possibility of testing other sources, particularly the blood. Reports about comprehensive investigation of COVID-19 viremia are extremely scanty. Herein, we present four COVID-19 patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test in blood, accounting for 12.12% of 33 detected cases. The four patients were all male, coming from Wuhan, aged 78, 60, 44, and 36 years old, respectively. Initially, positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test were found only in nasopharynx. However, after rapid deterioration of these cases with septic shock, lung CT images enlarged rapidly (Fig. 1), decrease of blood oxygen, and heart rate drop (with asynchrony of hypoxemia), SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test was detected from blood changed (Table1). SARS-CoV-2 viremia was the only pathogen detected in blood samples. With improvement, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid of patients 2, 3 and 4 was no longer detected in blood within three days. Nonetheless, in patient 1 SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid continued to be detected in blood for 10 days, and then was detected in stool, urine and pleural effusion. It is suggested that the rapid deterioration of COVID-19 may be related to massive replication of SARS-CoV-2, releasing into blood, and then leading to injury of multiple organs. Although we did not isolate live virus from blood sample timely, live virus strains of SARS-CoV-2 had been isolated and cultured from feces of patient 1 in later stage, indicating the possibility of migration from lung to blood circulation to digestive tract. SARS-CoV-2 viremia of patient 1 have persisted for 10 days and finally resulted in multiple organs dysfunction.

Fig. 1.

Evolution of chest X-ray and CT scans of four patients with viremia. Figure (a–c), Figure (d–f), Figure (h–j), and Figure (l–n) show chest X-ray and CT scans of patient 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Figure (a), Figure (d), Figure (h), and Figure (k) show mild lesions on admission. Figure (b), Figure (e), Figure (i) and Figure (l) show excessive new ground-glass exudate on CT scans the same or next day positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test in blood was first detected. Figure (c), Figure (f), Figure (j) and Figure (m) demonstrated recovery of pneumonia after SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid becoming negative in blood. For patient 1, even after pneumonia was some what improved in Figure (c), other organs dysfunction persistently was observed due to extended viremia.

Table 1.

Clinical data during disease course.

	Patient 1			Patient 2			Patient 3			Patient 4
	Admission	Exacerbation	Progression	Admission	Exacerbation	Recovery	Admission	Exacerbation	Recovery	Admission	Exacerbation	Recovery
Date	17-Jan	26-Jan	16-Feb	21-Jan	26-Jan	6-Feb	25-Jan	27-Jan	13-Feb	30-Jan	3-Feb	15-Feb
Vital sign
Heart rate	67	42	88	95	68	72	82	66	84	110	58	72
Respiratory rate	30	12 (muscle relaxation)	20 (sedation)	16	29	18	17	35	22	18	32	19
Blood pressure, mmHg	105/65	92/52	110/60	123/85	84/57	125/65	126/76	90/60	100/60	126/90	105/60	106/62
Temperature, oC	37.5	36.4	36.5	38	36.5	36.7	37.8	38.6	36.5	37.9	38.5	36.5
SpO2, %	92	94	99	95	92	97	96	88	96	97	86	98
Oxygen support	HFNC (50 L/min, FiO2 40%)	Mechanical ventilation + VV-ECMO	Mechanical ventilation + VV-ECMO	Room air	HFNC (45 L/min, FiO2 45%)	Nasal cannula	Room air	Mechanical ventilation	HFNC (25 L/min, FiO2 45%)	Room air	HFNC (40 L/min, FiO2 50%)	Nasal cannula
PaO2/FiO2	220.5	64.2	187.5	467.6	184.4	329.4	455.7	61.27	302	452.9	208	371.4
PaCO2, mmHg	29.4	44.3	45	42.3	40.9	41.4	36.4	27.8	41.9	36.9	35.2	35.9
pH	7.402	7.412	7.316	7.372	7.379	7.421	7.42	7.494	7.442	7.406	7.378	7.415
Lactic acid, mmol/L	1.9	1.5	2.2	1.8	3.2	1.1	2	2.4	1.4	2.4	1.7	2
White blood cell count, ×109/L	9.9	9.24	19.52	6.2	8.25	4.59	4.7	6.34	6.26	4.77	4.9	4.05
Neutrophil cell count, ×109/L	9.49	7.94	14.42	4.31	7.38	2.16	2.94	4.1	3.87	3.47	3	2.42
Lymphocyte count, ×109/L	0.3	0.59	1.98	1.48	0.45	1.77	1.08	1.73	1.33	0.88	1.7	1.04
Procalcitonin, ng/mL	<0.1	0.73	1.12	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	0.17	0.1	0.19	<0.1	0.15
C-reactive protein, mg/L	154.3	206.2	102.96	58.17	11.64	2.18	17.07	59.28	5.68	46.15	105.34	9.17
Total bilirubin, μmol/L	6.3	47.56	21.77	9.4	16.12	11.1	8.64	33.81	7.46	11.2	25.08	7.46
Albumin, g/L	32.9	38.8	51.3	41.1	35.4	42.8	39.5	35.2	41.9	40.8	38.5	43.5
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L	351	286	745	271	260	166	177	283	229	203	399	196
Creatine kinase, U/L	32	28	71	47	41	24	123	167	24	108	463	50
Troponin I, ng/mL	<0.01	0.024	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
B-type natriuretic Peptide, pg/mL	1210	4657	3100	263	1660	122	34	2820	66	171	2780	411
Creatinine, μmol/L	76	94.4	135.4(CRRT)	52	48.4	61.4	71.5	70.8	53.5	80.8	74	64.8
Prothrombin time, s	14.3	15.7	14.1	16.5	11.4	11.1	12.6	13.3	13.1	13.1	12.5	11.7
Activated partial thromboplastin time, s	30.4	29.7	40.7	29.6	25.5	26.9	34.9	38.1	29.6	32.7	32.2	28.3
D-dimer, mmol/L	460	17,308	1575	93	253	130	415	392	2954	89	111	472
Potassium, mmol/L	3.7	4.02	4.95	3.7	3.9	4.16	3.44	3.25	3.74	3.47	3.38	4.0
Sodium, mmol/L	136	141	138	138	142	143	135	133	135	137	141	137
SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR
Nasal or throat swab	+	+	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	–
Blood	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	+	–	–	+	–
Stool	–	+	+	–	+	–	–	+	+	–	+	+
Urine	/	+	+	–	–	–	/	–	–	–	–	–
Pleural effusion	/	+	+	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
Corticosteroid therapy	80 mg Methylprednisolone on dayb 6			500 mg Methylprednisolone on day 8			500 mg Methylprednisolone on day 6			250 mg Methylprednisolone on day 7
Duration of positive SARS-CoV-2 tested in blood	10 days			2 days			3 days			3 days
Duration of Excerbationa	Persistant			11 days			15 days			12 days
Prognosis	Progress			Recovery			Recovery			Recovery

^aDuration of exacerbation: time to recover from hemodynamic instability and PaO2/FiO2 less than 300.

^bDays were counted from admission.

It has been reported that viremia may cause damage of multiple organs in several ways and the patient's condition deteriorated even after no virus was detected in blood.3, 4 A retrospective study of 41 COVID-19 patients found that pro-inflammatory factors were significantly higher in ICU admitted cases, including IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNF-α, which suggested that cytokine storm probably contributes to deterioration of patients with this disease. One COVID-19 patient also showed substantially reduced but hyper activated peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increased proportion of CCR4+ CCR6 + Th17+ cells in CD4+ T cells, indicating a highly pro-inflammatory effect.⁵ The long persistence of SARS-CoV-2 viremia in patient 1 may have inevitably triggered the severe immunity disorder and resulted in multiple organs failure. Glucocorticoid is one of the most useful anti-inflammatory medications, but dosage and course in COVID-19 is still controversial. Single high dose of methylprednisolone had been used on patients 2, 3 and 4 after SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test became negative in blood, and effective treatment for shock and pulmonary inflammatory exudation was implemented (Table 1, Fig. 1). As for patient 1, due to persistence of SARS-CoV-2 viremia, the dosage of methylprednisolone was reduced.

Notably, all patients showed bradycardia as the disease progressed (Table1). At first, we empirically attributed to hypoxemia but bradycardia remained with adequate oxygen supplementation. It should be pointed out that hypoxemia may not be the only factor responsible for it. Interestingly, after clearance of viremia, the patients returned to normal rhythm. It may be evident that SARS-CoV-2 viremia has an inhibitory effect on cardiac sinus node or on cardiac conduction system. Further investigations are needed.

In summary, positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test in blood may predict rapid deterioration of COVID-19 patients. More attention should be paid to SARS-CoV-2 viremia.

Availability of data and materials

All data are presented in the manuscript.

Authors’ contributions

SB Li and MZ Chen managed the patient’s care throughout the course. J Liu made treatment decisions. CY Tan and YJ Liang were contributed to literature search and data collection. CY Tan was involved in drafting this manuscript. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study was reviewed and approved by Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.

Consent for publication

Informed consent was obtained in writing from the patient to publish personal data.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Funding

No.