Causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma among men and women who received liver transplants in the U.S., 2010-2019

Sonia Wang; Mehlika Toy; Thi T Hang Pham; Samuel So

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239393

. 2020 Sep 18;15(9):e0239393. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239393

Causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma among men and women who received liver transplants in the U.S., 2010-2019

Sonia Wang ¹, Mehlika Toy ¹, Thi T Hang Pham ¹, Samuel So ^1,^*

Editor: Gianfranco D Alpini²

PMCID: PMC7500679 PMID: 32946502

Abstract

Background and aims

The national Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) reported the major indication for liver transplants in 2018 was for other/unknown causes. This study was undertaken to examine all causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among adults who received liver transplants in the past 10 years.

Methods

A national cohort study of all adults who received liver transplants from Jan 1, 2010 to Dec 31, 2019 recorded in the OPTN STAR database analyzed by etiology of liver disease and HCC, and gender.

Results

Adult liver transplants increased from 5,731 in 2010 to 8,345 in 2019 (45.6% increase). Between 2010 and 2014, liver disease and HCC associated with hepatitis C (HCV) was the major cause for liver transplantation. Proportion of liver transplants for HCV associated liver disease and HCC has since decreased to 18.7% in 2019 compared with 44.5% in 2010 [25.8%, (95% CI 24.3% to 27.3%), p<0.001], while liver transplants for liver disease and HCC associated with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) increased from 12.7% to 28.8% [16.1%, (95% CI 14.8% to 17.4%), p<0.001], and from 9.1% to 21.5% [12.4%, (95% CI 11.2% to 13.5%), p<0.001], respectively. When all causes of liver disease were examined, only 1.7% of liver transplants had unspecified causes. The five major causes of liver disease and HCC among men receiving liver transplants in 2019 were ALD (33.1%), HCV (21.9%), NAFLD (18.5%), cholestatic liver disease (5.7%) and hepatitis B (4.9%), while the major causes among women were NAFLD (26.8%), ALD (21.1%), HCV (13.1%), cholestatic liver disease (11.1%), and autoimmune liver disease (5.6%).

Conclusions

Our study found NAFLD in 2017 in women and ALD in 2019 in men have surpassed HCV as the leading causes of liver disease and HCC among adults receiving liver transplants.

Introduction

Although end stage liver disease and HCC caused by chronic hepatitis C have long been the leading indications for liver transplantation in adults in the U.S. [1], recent studies highlighted the increasing number of people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-HCV related alcohol associated liver disease (ALD) added onto the U.S. liver transplant waiting list [2–5]. This trend has been attributed to the introduction of curative directing acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C, alcohol abuse, and the rising obesity epidemic in the country [6]. However, a complete analysis of all causes of liver disease and HCC among adult liver transplant recipients in the U.S. has not been reported. In 2020, the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) reported that the major indication for liver transplants in 2018 was for other/unknown causes [7], accounting for 33.9% of liver transplants. Although unsubstantiated, this has led to speculation that many in the other/unknown category represent patients with NAFLD [8]. Liver transplants for HCC were also frequently reported as a separate category and not under the liver disease causing HCC. This leads to an undercount of the actual burden of the underlying etiology of liver disease treated by liver transplantation. The purpose of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of all causes of liver disease and their associated complications including HCC among liver transplants recipients from 2010 to 2019.

Materials and methods

The data for this analysis was obtained from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) STAR database, a national database operated by the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) under contract with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that contains all the data in the U.S. on organ transplantation including waiting list, organ donation, and transplantation. All the data contained in the OPTN database are fully anonymized and the authors had no access to any identifying information. The study cohort included all the adult patients aged 18 years and older (66,719) who received liver transplants between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019. The causes of liver disease (S1 Table) were categorized by combining the diagnoses entered into the database as primary and secondary diagnoses at initial waitlist registration, final diagnosis entered at time of transplant, and positive serology for hepatitis B (hepatitis B surface antigen, HBsAg) and hepatitis C (hepatitis C antibody). When there was more than one diagnosis, the cause of liver disease was categorized by prioritizing the final diagnosis at time of transplant, then primary diagnosis at time of waitlist registration, then secondary diagnosis at time of waitlist registration. The cause of liver disease was categorized under HCV and hepatitis B if the patients were hepatitis C antibody positive and hepatitis B surface antigen positive, respectively. The etiology of HCC was based on the liver diseases listed as primary or secondary diagnoses at waitlist, final diagnosis at time of transplant, and serology for hepatitis B and C. HCC and cryptogenic cirrhosis were only listed as separate categories when there was no known associated liver disease. Recipients who had no diagnosis information in the database were grouped under a category named ‘unspecified cause’. Recipients were analyzed by gender to assess trends in liver transplants and whether there were different disease burdens resulting in liver transplantation between men and women, and BMI at time of waitlist registration to assess the potential effect of the obesity epidemic.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SAS v9.4 software. Differences between the proportions of liver transplant performed each year for the various causes of liver disease compared with 2010 were calculated using a Z-test for two proportions. P-values and related confidence intervals (CIs) were reported accordingly. Linear regression analysis was conducted in SAS for trend over ten years, and the p-values and parameter estimates were reported accordingly.

Results

Trends in etiology of liver disease and HCC among adult liver transplant recipients from 2010 to 2019

The number of adult liver transplants per year has steadily increased from 5,731 in 2010 to 8,345 in 2019 (45.6% increase). Between 2010 and 2019, proportion of liver transplant recipients with BMI ≥ 30 has increased from 37.0% to 40.8% [3.8%, (95% CI 2.2% to 5.4%), p<0.001], and proportion of recipients with BMI ≥ 35 has increased from 13.8% to 16.7% [2.9%, (95% CI 1.7% to 4.1%), p<0.001] (Table 1).

Table 1. Causes of liver disease and HCC among adult liver transplant recipients in the U.S. from 2010 to 2019 by frequency and percentage.

	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Total # of liver transplants (%)	5731	5806	5731	5921	6200	6547	7268	7483	7687	8345
BMI ≥30 at listing for LT	2120 (37.0%)	2130 (36.7%)	2189 (38.2%)	2181 (36.8%)	2374 (38.3%)	2425 (37.0%)	2838 (39.1%)^†	3056 (40.8%)^†	3038 (39.5%)^†	3406 (40.8%)^†
BMI ≥35 at listing for LT	792 (13.8%)	819 (14.1%)	814 (14.2%)	860 (14.5%)	893 (14.4%)	972 (14.9%)	1165 (16.0%)^†	1276 (17.1%)^†	1257 (16.4%)†	1391 (16.7%)^†
Causes of liver disease
HCV ^**	2548 (44.5%)	2518 (43.4%)	2613 (45.6%)	2528 (42.7%)	2623 (42.3%)^†	2468 (37.7%)^†	2247 (30.9%)^†	2124 (28.4%)^†	1857 (24.2%)^†	1563 (18.7%)^†
ALD ^*	727 (12.7%)	764 (13.2%)	754 (13.2%)	811 (13.7%)	917 (14.8%)^†	1158 (17.7%)^†	1496 (20.6%)^†	1694 (22.6%)^†	1920 (24.5%)^†	2399 (28.8%)^†
NAFLD ^*	519 (9.1%)	534 (9.2%)	595 (10.4%)^†	698 (11.8%)^†	792 (12.8%)^†	912 (13.9%)^†	1264 (17.4%)^†	1370 (18.3%)^†	1544 (20.1%)^†	1795 (21.5%)^†
Cholestatic ^*	481 (8.4%)	544 (9.4%)	464 (8.1%)	492 (8.3%)	480 (7.7%)	551 (8.4%)	641 (8.8%)	651 (8.7%)	591 (7.7%)	641 (7.7%)
HBV^***	325 (5.7%)	354 (6.1%)	296 (5.2%)	323 (5.5%)	324 (5.2%)	298 (4.6%)^†	315 (4.3%)^†	327 (4.4%)^†	346 (4.5%)^†	355 (4.3%)^†
Cryptogenic ^*	270 (4.7%)	270 (4.7%)	208 (3.6%)^†	208 (3.5%)^†	180 (2.9%)^†	210 (3.2%)^†	264 (3.6%)^†	245 (3.3%)^†	270 (3.5%)^†	259 (3.1%)^†
Autoimmune ^*	148 (2.6%)	155 (2.7%)	171 (3.0%)	167 (2.8%)	147 (2.4%)	177 (2.7%)	212 (2.9%)	203 (2.7%)	215 (2.8%)	234 (2.8%)
Metabolic ^*	148 (2.6%)	170 (2.9%)	167 (2.9%)	164 (2.8%)	181 (2.9%)	171 (2.6%)	218 (3.0%)	224 (3.0%)	200 (2.6%)	243 (2.9%)
Acute hepatic necrosis (non-HBV/HCV)	180 (3.1%)	149 (2.6%)	137 (2.4%)^†	146 (2.5%)^†	155 (2.5%)^†	143 (2.2%)^†	153 (2.1%)^†	150 (2.0%)^†	165 (2.2%)^†	179 (2.1%)^†
Unspecified causes of HCC	77 (1.3%)	62 (1.1%)	68 (1.2%)	91 (1.5%)	100 (1.6%)	80 (1.2%)	63 (0.9%)^†	99 (1.3%)	108 (1.4%)	132 (1.6%)
Graft failure	10 (0.2%)	14 (0.2%)	41 (0.7%)^†	65 (1.1%)^†	88 (1.4%)^†	100 (1.5%)^†	125 (1.7%)^†	104 (1.4%)^†	148 (1.9%)^†	142 (1.7%)^†
Benign hepatic tumors	37 (0.7%)	31 (0.5%)	28 (0.5%)	29 (0.5%)	33 (0.5%)	57 (0.9%)	50 (0.7%)	67 (0.9%)	57 (0.7%(	103 (1.2%)^†
Other malignant liver tumors	46 (0.8%)	52 (0.9%)	46 (0.8%)	58 (1.0%)	59 (1.0%)	73 (1.1%)	45 (0.6%)	69 (0.9%)	73 (1.0%)	93 (1.1%)
Budd-Chiari	27 (0.5%)	27 (0.5%)	14 (0.2%)^†	22 (0.4%)	13 (0.2%)^†	22 (0.3%)	22 (0.3%)	26 (0.4%)	26 (0.3%)	30 (0.4%)
Miscellaneous causes	16 (0.3%)	21 (0.4%)	25 (0.4%)	29 (0.5%)	26 (0.4%)	30 (0.5%)	38 (0.5%)^†	25 (0.3%)	33 (0.4%)	32 (0.4%)
Unspecified causes of liver disease/cirrhosis	172 (3.0%)	141 (2.4%)	104 (1.8%)^†	90 (1.5%)^†	82 (1.3%)^†	97 (1.5%)^†	115 (1.6%)^†	105 (1.4%)^†	134 (1.7%)^†	145 (1.7%)^†

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*± HCC.

**± HCC/ALD.

***± HCC/ALD/HCV/HDV (S2 Table).

† significantly different from 2010 (p<0.05).

Miscellaneous (trauma, congenital hepatic fibrosis, hyperalimentation induced, drug/industrial exposure related cirrhosis).

Among adults who received liver transplants in 2019, the number and proportion of liver transplants by etiology of liver disease and HCC in descending order of frequency were alcohol-associated liver disease (2,399 or 28.8%), NAFLD (1,795 or 21.5%), HCV (1,563 or 18.7%), cholestatic liver disease (641 or 7.7%), hepatitis B with or without hepatitis C or hepatitis D coinfection (355 or 4.3%), cryptogenic cirrhosis (259 or 3.1%), autoimmune liver disease (234 or 2.8%), metabolic liver disease (243 or 2.9%), acute hepatic necrosis unrelated to hepatitis B or hepatitis C (169 or 2.1%), unspecified causes of HCC (132 or 1.6%), graft failure (142 or 1.7%), benign hepatic tumors (103 or 1.2%), non-HCC malignant liver tumors (93 or 1.1%), Budd-Chiari syndrome (30 or 0.4%), miscellaneous causes (32 or 0.4%), and unspecified causes (145 or 1.7%) (Table 1).

The proportion of liver transplants for hepatitis C has declined significantly. Although hepatitis C associated liver disease and HCC was the leading cause of liver transplants from 2010 to 2017, it dropped to number two behind alcohol associated liver disease in 2018 and to number three behind NAFLD among the most common causes of liver transplants in 2019. Between 2010 and 2019, the proportion of liver transplants for hepatitis C associated liver disease and HCC declined by more than half from 44.5% to 18.7% [25.8%, (95% CI 24.3% to 27.3%), p<0.001].

During the same period, the proportions of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC related to ALD and NAFLD have doubled from 12.7% to 28.8% [16.1%, (95% CI 14.8% to 17.4%), p<0.001], and from 9.1% to 21.5% [12.4%, (95% CI 11.2% to 13.5%), p<0.001], respectively. Proportion of liver transplants for graft failure and benign hepatic tumors have also increased from 0.2% to 1.7% [1.5%, (95% CI 1.2% to 1.8%), p<0.001] and from 0.7% to 1.2% [0.5%, (95% CI 0.2% to 0.8%), p = 0.003] respectively (Table 1).

Between 2010 and 2019, the proportions of liver transplants for hepatitis B associated liver disease and HCC decreased from 5.7% to 4.3% [1.4%, (95% CI 0.7% to 2.2%), p<0.001], cryptogenic cirrhosis from 4.7% to 3.1% [1.6%, (95% CI 0.9% to 2.3%), p<0.001], acute hepatic necrosis unrelated to hepatitis B or C from 3.1% to 2.1% [1.0%, (95% CI 0.5% to 1.6%), p<0.001], and unspecified causes of liver disease or cirrhosis from 3% to 1.7% [1.3%, (95% CI 0.8% to 1.8%), p<0.001]. There were no changes in the proportion of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC associated with cholestatic liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, metabolic liver disease, unspecified causes of HCC, other malignant liver tumors, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and miscellaneous causes from 2010 to 2019 (Table 1).

In a linear regression analysis, the major changes in the trend in the causes of liver disease and HCC among adult transplant recipients between 2010 and 2019 were proportions of liver transplants for HCV (-2.98 [95% CI -3.85 to -2.11]), ALD (1.81 [95% CI 1.35 to 2.27]), and NAFLD (1.49 [95% CI 1.28 to 1.70]) (Table 2). ALD (2.06 [95% CI 1.54 to 2.58]) showed a greater increase in men relative to NAFLD (1.29 [95% CI 1.06 to 1.51]), while NAFLD (1.83 [95% CI 1.59 to 2.06]) showed a greater increase in women than ALD (1.4 [95% CI 0.97 to 1.83]) (Table 2).

Table 2. Linear regression slope estimates by year and p-values for proportion of liver transplants caused by each disease etiology in general population, men, and women.

	General		Male		Female
	Linear Regression Parameter (95% CI)	P-value	Linear Regression Parameter (95% CI)	P-value	Linear Regression Parameter (95% CI)	P-value
HCV	-2.98	p<0.001^†	-3.17	p<0.001^†	-2.53	p<0.001^†
HCV	(-3.85 to -2.11)	p<0.001^†	(-4.14 to -2.20)	p<0.001^†	(-3.17 to -1.89)	p<0.001^†
ALD	1.81	p<0.001^†	2.06	p<0.001^†	1.4	p<0.001^†
ALD	(1.35 to 2.27)	p<0.001^†	(1.54 to 2.58)	p<0.001^†	(0.97 to 1.83)	p<0.001^†
NAFLD	1.49	p<0.001^†	1.29	p<0.001^†	1.83	p<0.001^†
NAFLD	(1.28 to 1.70)	p<0.001^†	(1.06 to 1.51)	p<0.001^†	(1.59 to 2.06)	p<0.001^†
Cholestatic	-0.08	p = 0.21	-0.08	p = 0.22	-0.13	p = 0.18
Cholestatic	(-0.21 to 0.05)	p = 0.21	(-0.21 to 0.06)	p = 0.22	(-0.34 to 0.07)	p = 0.18
HBV	-0.19	p<0.001^†	-0.21	p<0.001^†	-0.15	p = 0.05^†
HBV	(-0.27 to -0.12)	p<0.001^†	(-0.30 to -0.12)	p<0.001^†	(-0.30 to -0.002)	p = 0.05^†
Cryptogenic	0.14	p = 0.02^†	-0.11	p = 0.08	-0.2	p = 0.005^†
Cryptogenic	(-0.26 to -0.03)	p = 0.02^†	(-0.25 to 0.02)	p = 0.08	(-0.32 to -0.08)	p = 0.005^†
Autoimmune	0.01	p = 0.5	0.01	p = 0.55	-0.03	p = 0.56
Autoimmune	(-0.03 to 0.05)	p = 0.5	(-0.04 to 0.06)	p = 0.55	(-0.13 to 0.07)	p = 0.56
Metabolic	0.01	p = 0.6	0.02	p = 0.30	-0.02	p = 0.72
Metabolic	(-0.04 to 0.05)	p = 0.6	(-0.03 to 0.08)	p = 0.30	(-0.14 to 0.10)	p = 0.72
Acute Hepatic Necrosis (Non-HBV	-0.1	p = 0.002^†	0.01	p = 0.49	-0.32	p<0.001^†
Acute Hepatic Necrosis (Non-HBV	(-0.14 to -0.04)	p = 0.002^†	(-0.03 to 0.06)	p = 0.49	(-0.42 to -0.23)	p<0.001^†
Other/Unspecified Causes of HCC	0.02	p = 0.56	0.04	p = 0.15	-0.03	p = 0.49
Other/Unspecified Causes of HCC	(-0.05 to 0.08)	p = 0.56	(-0.02 to 0.11)	p = 0.15	(-0.13 to 0.07)	p = 0.49
Graft Failure	0.19	p<0.001^†	0.16	p<0.001^†	0.23	p<0.001^†
Graft Failure	(0.12 to 0.26)	p<0.001^†	(0.09 to 0.23)	p<0.001^†	(0.14 to 0.33)	p<0.001^†
Benign Hepatic Tumors	0.06	p = 0.01^†	0.03	p = 0.06	0.1	p = 0.02^†
Benign Hepatic Tumors	(0.02 to 0.10)	p = 0.01^†	(-0.001 to 0.06)	p = 0.06	(0.02 to 0.19)	p = 0.02^†
Other Malignant Liver Tumors	0.02	p = 0.32	0.05	p = 0.05	-0.04	p = 0.14
Other Malignant Liver Tumors	(-0.02 to 0.05)	p = 0.32	(-0.001 to 0.1)	p = 0.05	(-0.10 to 0.02)	p = 0.14
Budd-Chiari	-0.009	p = 0.38	-0.01	p = 0.41	-0.01	p = 0.52
Budd-Chiari	(-0.03 to 0.01)	p = 0.38	(-0.03 to 0.01)	p = 0.41	(-0.05 to 0.03)	p = 0.52
Miscellaneous	0.006	p = 0.5	0.01	p = 0.22	-0.02	p = 0.50
Miscellaneous	(-0.01 to 0.03)	p = 0.5	(-0.009 to 0.03)	p = 0.22	(-0.03 to 0.01)	p = 0.50
Other/ Unspecified	-0.11	p = 0.05	-0.12	p = 0.05^†	-0.09	p = 0.05
Other/ Unspecified	(-0.2 to 0.001)	p = 0.05	(-0.24 to -0.003)	p = 0.05^†	(-0.18 to 0.001)	p = 0.05

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†Significant trend.

Trends in etiology of liver disease among men who received liver transplants from 2010 to 2019

The ratio of men and women who received liver transplant each year was stable at about 1.8:1. Male liver transplant recipients increased from 3,769 in 2010 to 5,314 in 2019 (41% increase). Between 2010 and 2019, there was a significant increase in men with BMI ≥ 30 (from 36.0% to 41.5%) [5.5%, (95% CI 3.5% to 7.5%), p<0.001] and BMI ≥ 35 (from 12.4% to 15.7%) [3.3%, (95% CI 1.9% to 4.7%), p<0.001]. Among men who received liver transplants, the five leading causes in 2019 in decreasing order of frequency were liver disease and HCC associated with alcohol associated liver disease, hepatitis C, NAFLD, cholestatic liver disease and hepatitis B (Table 3).

Table 3. Causes of liver disease and HCC among men who received liver transplant in the U.S. from 2010 to 2019 by frequency and percentage.

	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Total # of liver transplants (%)	3769	3871	3871	3901	4136	4346	4757	4864	4982	5314
BMI ≥30 at listing for LT	1358 (36.0%)	1412 (36.5%)	1463 (37.8%)	1408 (36.1%)	1573 (38.0%)	1588 (36.5%)	1874 (39.4%)^†	2017 (41.5%)^†	2020 (40.6%)^†	2207 (41.5%)^†
BMI ≥35 at listing for LT	468 (12.4%)	507 (13.1%)	493 (12.7%)	510 (13.1%)	534 (12.9%)	582 (13.4%)	711 (15.0%)^†	798 (16.4%)^†	796 (16.0%)^†	834 (15.7%)^†
Causes of liver disease
HCV ^**	1861 (49.4%)	1890 (48.8%)	1963 (50.7%)	1863 (47.8%)	1985 (48.0%)	1852 (42.6%)^†	1679 (35.3%)^†	1603 (33.0%)^†	1409 (28.3%)^†	1165 (21.9%)^†
ALD ^*	546 (14.5%)	586 (15.1%)	590 (15.2%)	633 (16.2%)^†	705 (17.1%)^†	868 (20.0%)^†	1148 (24.1%)^†	1270 (26.1%)^†	1404 (28.2%)^†	1759 (33.1%)^†
NAFLD ^*	286 (7.6%)	295 (7.6%)	362 (9.4%)^†	379 (9.7%)^†	453 (11.0%)^†	487 (11.2%)^†	714 (15.0%)^†	757 (15.6%)^†	857 (17.2%)^†	982 (18.5%)^†
Cholestatic ^*	237 (6.3%)	278 (7.2%)	233 (6.0%)	232 (6.0%)	217 (5.3%)^†	288 (6.6%)	306 (6.4%)	298 (6.1%)	279 (5.6%)	305 (5.7%)
HBV^***	251 (6.7%)	260 (6.7%)	219 (5.7%)	254 (6.5%)	262 (6.3%)	239 (5.5%)^†	251 (5.3%)^†	250 (5.1%)^†	254 (5.1%)^†	259 (4.9%)^†
Cryptogenic ^*	162 (4.3%)	174 (4.5%)	122 (3.2%)^†	118 (3.0%)^†	106 (2.6%)^†	140 (3.2%)^†	156 (3.3%)^†	153 (3.2%)^†	167 (3.4%)^†	155 (2.9%)^†
Autoimmune ^*	46 (1.2%)	42 (1.1%)	49 (1.3%)	41 (1.1%)	28 (0.7%)^†	54 (1.2%)	65 (1.4%)	54 (1.1%)	65 (1.3%)	65 (1.2%)
Metabolic ^*	107 (2.8%)	107 (2.8%)	108 (2.8%)	121 (3.1%)	119 (2.9%)	124 (2.9%)	143 (3.0%)	165 (3.4%)	135 (2.7%)	161 (3.0%)
Acute hepatic necrosis (non-HBV/HCV)	46 (1.2%)	46 (1.2%)	34 (0.9%)	44 (1.1%)	46 (1.1%)	49 (1.1%)	53 (1.1%)	43 (0.9%)	58 (1.2%)	81 (1.5%)
Unspecified causes of HCC	55 (1.5%)	48 (1.2%)	43 (1.1%)	53 (1.4%)	66 (1.6%)	54 (1.2%)	46 (1.0%)^†	74 (1.5%)	83 (1.7%)	100 (1.9%)
Graft failure	6 (0.2%)	7 (0.2%)	24 (0.6%)^†	41 (1.1%)^†	49 (1.2%)^†	53 (1.2%)^†	70 (1.5%)^†	49 (1.0%)^†	92 (1.9%)^†	78 (1.5%)^†
Benign hepatic tumors	13 (0.3%)	8 (0.2%)	8 (0.2%)	7 (0.2%)	9 (0.2%)	10 (0.2%)	10 (0.2%)	22 (0.45%)	17 (0.3%)	34 (0.6%)
Other malignant liver tumors	24 (0.6%)	26 (0.7%)	33 (0.9%)	42 (1.1%)^†	32 (0.8%)	48 (1.1%)^†	26 (0.55%)	48 (1.0%)	56 (1.1%)^†	67 (1.3%)^†
Budd-Chiari	15 (0.4%)	10 (0.3%)	6 (0.15%)^†	11 (0.3%)	4 (0.1%)^†	9 (0.2%)	6 (0.1%)^†	12 (0.25%)	16 (0.3%)	9 (0.2%)^†
Miscellaneous	6 (0.2%)	9 (0.2%)	15 (0.4%)	16 (0.4%)^†	13 (0.3%)	17 (0.4%)^†	20 (0.4%)^†	13 (0.3%)	19 (0.4%)	17 (0.3%)
Unspecified causes of liver disease/cirrhosis	108 (2.9%)	85 (2.2%)	62 (1.6%)^†	46 (1.2%)^†	42 (1.0%)^†	54 (1.2%)^†	64 (1.3%)^†	53 (1.1%)^†	71 (1.4%)^†	77 (1.5%)^†

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*± HCC.

**± HCC/ALD.

***± HCC/HCV/ALD/HDV.

† significantly different from 2010.

Since 2019, alcohol associated liver disease and HCC have surpassed hepatitis C as the leading cause of liver disease among men who received liver transplants. Between 2010 and 2019, the proportion of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC associated with ALD increased from 14.5% to 33.1 [18.6%, (95% CI 16.9% to 20.3%), p<0.001]. Hepatitis C-related liver disease and HCC remained the second most common cause of liver transplant in men in 2019, but it has dropped from 49.4% of liver transplants in 2010 to 21.9% in 2019 [27.5%, (95% CI 25.5% to 29.4%), p<0.001]. The proportion of liver transplants in men for liver disease and HCC associated with NAFLD has also doubled from 7.6% to 18.5% [10.9%, (95% CI 9.5% to 12.2%), p<0.001], between 2010 and 2019. Liver transplants for hepatitis B-related liver disease and HCC in men decreased from 6.7% to 4.9% [1.8%, (95% CI 0.8% to 2.8%), p<0.001] between 2010 and 2019 (Table 3).

Trends in etiology of liver disease among women who received liver transplants from 2010 to 2019

The number of women who received liver transplants increased from 1,962 in 2010 to 3,031 in 2019 (54.5% increase). In 2010, more women than men had BMI ≥ 30 (38.8% vs 36.0%) [2.8%, (95% CI 0.2% to 5.5%), p = 0.04] and BMI ≥ 35 (16.5% vs 12.4%) [4.1%, (95% CI 2.2% to 6.1%), p<0.001]. By 2019, the percentage of women and men with BMI ≥ 30 was the same (41.5% vs 39.6%), but more women than men had BMI ≥ 35 (18.4% vs 15.7%) [2.7%, (95% CI 1.0% to 4.4%), p = 0.002]. (Table 4)

Table 4. Causes of liver disease and HCC among women who received liver transplant in the U.S. from 2010 to 2019 by frequency and percentage.

	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019
Total # of liver transplants (%)	1962	1935	1860	2020	2064	2201	2511	2619	2705	3031
BMI ≥30 at listing for LT	762 (38.8%)	718 (37.1%)	726 (39.0%)	773 (38.3%)	801 (38.8%)	837 (38.0%)	964 (38.4%)	1039 (39.7%)	1018 (37.6%)	1199 (39.6%)
BMI ≥35 at listing for LT	324 (16.5%)	312 (16.1%)	321 (17.3%)	350 (17.3%)	359 (17.4%)	390 (17.7%)	454 (18.1%)	478 (18.2%)	461 (17.0%)	557 (18.4%)
Causes of liver disease
HCV ^**	687 (35.0%)	628 (32.5%)	650 (35.0%)	665 (32.9%)	638 (30.9%^†)	616 (28.0%)^†	568 (22.6%)^†	521 (19.9%)^†	448 (16.6%)^†	398 (13.1%)^†
ALD ^*	181 (9.2%)	178 (9.2%)	164 (8.8%)	178 (8.8%)	212 (10.3%)	290 (13.2%)^†	348 (13.9%)^†	424 (16.2%)^†	516 (19.1%)^†	640 (21.1%)^†
NAFLD ^*	233 (11.9%)	239 (12.4%)	233 (12.5%)	319 (15.8%)^†	339 (16.4%)^†	425 (19.3%)^†	550 (21.9%)^†	613 (23.4%)^†	687 (25.4%)^†	813 (26.8%)^†
Cholestatic ^*	244 (12.4%)	266 (13.75%)	231 (12.4%)	260 (12.9%)	263 (12.7%)	263 (11.95%)	335 (13.3%)	353 (13.5%)	312 (11.5%)	336 (11.1%)
HBV^***	74 (3.8%)	94 (4.9%)	77 (4.1%)	69 (3.4%)	62 (3.0%)	59 (2.7%)^†	64 (2.6%)^†	77 (2.9%)	92 (3.4%)	96 (3.2%)
Cryptogenic ^*	108 (5.5%)	96 (5.0%)	86 (4.6%)	90 (4.5%)	74 (3.6%)^†	70 (3.2%)^†	108 (4.3%)	92 (3.5%)^†	103 (3.8%)^†	104 (3.4%)^†
Autoimmune ^*	102 (5.2%)	113 (5.8%)	122 (6.6%)	126 (6.2%)	119 (5.8%)	123 (5.6%)	147 (5.85%)	149 (5.7%)	150 (5.55%)	169 (5.6%)
Metabolic ^*	41 (2.1%)	63 (3.3%)^†	59 (3.2%)^†	43 (2.1%)	62 (3.0%)	47 (2.1%)	75 (3.0%)	59 (2.25%)	65 (2.4%)	82 (2.7%)
Acute hepatic necrosis (non-HBV/HCV)	134 (6.8%)	103 (5.3%)^†	103 (5.5%)	102 (5.1%)^†	109 (5.3%)^†	94 (4.3%)^†	100 (4.0%)^†	107 (4.1%)^†	107 (4.0%)^†	98 (3.2%)^†
Unspecified causes of HCC	22 (1.1%)	14 (0.7%)	25 (1.3%)	38 (1.9%)^†	34 (1.7%)	26 (1.2%)	17 (0.7%)	25 (0.95%)	25 (0.9%)	32 (1.1%)
Graft failure	4 (0.2%)	7 (0.4%)	17 (0.9%)^†	24 (1.2%)^†	39 (1.9%)^†	47 (2.1%)^†	40 (1.6%)^†	45 (1.7%)^†	40 (1.5%)^†	69 (2.3%)^†
Benign hepatic tumors	24 (1.2%)	23 (1.2%)	20 (1.1%)	22 (1.1%)	24 (1.2%)	47 (2.1%)^†	40 (1.6%)	45 (1.7%)	40 (1.5%)	69 (2.3%)^†
Other malignant liver tumors	22 (1.1%)	26 (1.3%)	13 (0.7%)	16 (0.8%)	27 (1.3%)	25 (1.1%)	19 (0.8%)	21 (0.8%)	17 (0.6%)	26 (0.9%)
Budd-Chiari	12 (0.6%)	17 (0.9%)	8 (0.4%)	11 (0.5%)	9 (0.4%)	13 (0.6%)	16 (0.6%)	14 (0.5%)	10 (0.4%)	21 (0.7%)
Miscellaneous	10 (0.5%)	12 (0.6%)	10 (0.5%)	13 (0.6%)	13 (0.6%)	13 (0.6%)	18 (0.7%)	12 (0.5%)	14 (0.5%)	15 (0.5%)
Unspecified causes of liver disease/cirrhosis	64 (3.3%)	56 (2.9%)	42 (2.3%)	44 (2.2%)^†	40 (1.9%)^†	43 (1.9%)^†	51 (2.0%)^†	52 (2.0%)^†	63 (2.3%)	68 (2.2%)^†

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*± HCC.

**± HCC/ALD.

***± HCC/ALD/HBV/HDV.

† significant different from 2010.

Similar to the trend seen in men, there was a significant decrease in proportion of liver transplants in women for hepatitis C-associated liver disease and HCC from 35% in 2010 to 13.1% in 2019 [21.9%, (95% CI 19.5% to 24.3%), p<0.001], whereas the proportions of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC associated with NAFLD and ALD more than doubled from 11.9% to 26.8% [14.9%, (95% CI 13.3% to 16.5%), p<0.001] and from9.2% to 21.1% [11.9%, (95% CI 10.5% to 13.3%), p<0.001], respectively (Table 4). In 2017 NAFLD surpassed hepatitis C as the leading cause of liver disease in women receiving liver transplants, and in 2019 alcohol-associated liver disease surpassed HCV to become the second major cause of liver transplants in women. Among women who received liver transplants in 2019, the five leading causes of liver disease in decreasing order of frequency were liver disease and HCC associated with NAFLD, alcohol associated liver disease, hepatitis C, cholestatic liver disease, and autoimmune liver disease (Table 4).

Etiology of HCC among adult liver transplant recipients between 2010 and 2019

From January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019, 19,872 (31%) adult liver transplant recipients were diagnosed with HCC (S3 Table). From 2010 to 2019, the proportion of transplant recipients with HCC decreased from 33% to 29% in men [4.3%, 95% CI (2.4% to 6.2%), p<0.001] and from 20% to 15.5% in women [4.5%, 95% CI (2.9% to 6.1%), p<0.001]. Hepatitis C remained the leading cause of HCC, although it has declined from 67.8% in 2010 to 43.8% [24.0%, (95% CI 20.8% to 27.1%), p<0.001] in 2019. Liver transplants for HCC related to hepatitis B have seen no significant change. During the same period, liver transplants for HCC related to NAFLD and alcohol associated liver disease have both increased from 5.0% to 18.8% [13.8%, (95% CI 11.8% to 15.8%), p<0.001], and from 7.0% to 15.8% [8.8%, (95% CI 6.8% to 10.8%), p<0.001], respectively. Between 2010 and 2019, there were no significant changes in the proportion of liver transplants for HCC related to cholestatic liver disease (1.9%), cryptogenic cirrhosis (2.0%), autoimmune cirrhosis (1.0%), metabolic disease (1.0%), and Budd-Chiari (0.2%) (Table 5).

Table 5. Liver disease associated with HCC among men and women who received LT in the U.S. between 2010 and 2019.

	Total		Male		Female
	2010	2019	2010	2019	2010	2019
# and % of LT with HCC	1634 (28.5%)	1992 (23.8) ^†	1241(32.9%)	1521 (28.6) ^†	393 (20%)	471 (15.5%)^†
Etiology of HCC
HCV¹	1108 (67.8%)	873 (43.8%)^†	847(68.3%)	700 (46.0%)^†	261 (66.4%)	173 (36.7%)^†
ALD	115 (7.0%)	315 (15.8%)^†	102 (8.2%)	282 (18.5%)^†	13 (3.3%)	33 (7.0%)^†
NAFLD	82 (5.0%)	374 (18.8%)^†	55 (4.4%)	234 (15.4%)^†	27 (6.9%)	140 (29.7%)^†
Cholestatic	31 (1.9%)	38 (1.9%)	17 (1.4%)	18 (1.2%)	14 (3.6%)	20 (4.25%)
HBV²	139 (8.5%)	173 (8.7%)	110 (8.9%)	138 (9.1%)	29 (7.4%)	35 (7.4%)
Cryptogenic	49 (3.0%)	40 (2.0%)	33 (2.7%)	28 (1.8%)	16 (4.1%)	12 (2.5%)
Autoimmune	14 (0.9%)	21 (1.05%)	5 (0.4%)	5 (0.3%)	9 (2.3%)	16 (3.4%)
Metabolic	17 (1.0%)	21 (1.05%)	15 (1.2%)	15 (1.0%)	2 (0.5%)	6 (1.3%)
Budd-Chiari	1 (0.1%)	5 (0.25%)	1 (0.1%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0%)	4 (0.85%)
Miscellaneous	1 (0.1%)	0 (0%)	1 (0.1%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Unspecified Causes of HCC	77 (4.7%)	132 (6.6%)^†	55 (4.4%)	100 (6.6%)^†	22 (5.6%)	32 (6.8%)

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¹± ALD.

²± HCV/ALD/HDV.

† significantly different from 2010.

When analyzed by gender, hepatitis C remained the leading cause of HCC in both men and women who received liver transplants although it has dropped from 68.3% to 46.0% [22.3%, (95% CI 18.7% to 25.9%), p<0.001] in men and from 66.4% to 36.7% [29.7%, (95% CI 23.2% to 35.9%), p<0.001] in women between 2010 and 2019. In 2019, the second most common cause of HCC was ALD in men (19%), but in women it was NAFLD (30%). In women, ALD was not a common cause of HCC accounting for only 7.0% of liver transplants for HCC in 2019 (Table 5).

Discussion

The major indication for liver transplantation in 2018 was listed as other/unknown causes (33.9%) in the 2020 Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) Report [7]. But in this study, when all causes of liver disease and HCC were examined by compiling all the diagnosis and HBV and HCV serologic data entries in the OPTN STAR database from time of initial waitlist registration to time of transplantation, we found only a very small proportion (1.7%) of liver transplant in adults had unknown causes of liver disease in 2018 and 2019.

Our study found that although hepatitis C related liver disease and HCC was the leading cause for liver transplants in the U.S. and accounted for half of liver transplants in men and a third of the liver transplants in women between 2010 to 2014, there has been a dramatic and sustained decline since then. Since 2010, the proportion of liver transplants for hepatitis C associated complications including HCC has decreased by 33.2% in 2017 and 55.7% in 2019 in men, and by 43.1% in 2017 and 62.6% in 2019 in women. The decline was even greater for hepatitis C without associated HCC (S4 Table). The declining numbers and proportions of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC associated with hepatitis C is in concordance with the reports of a similar decrease in proportion of patients with hepatitis C enrolled on the liver transplant waitlist [5]. This decline in liver transplant for hepatitis C complication is contemporaneously associated with increased screening and the introduction of the highly effective, curative direct acting antiviral therapies for hepatitis C [6]. There was also a decrease in the proportion of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC related to hepatitis B between 2010 and 2019. This may, likewise, be attributed to antiviral therapy and screening programs for chronic hepatitis B.

With the decline in liver transplants for HCV, the proportion of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC associated with NAFLD has more than doubled from 7.6% to 18.5% in men, and from 11.9% to 26.8% in women between 2010 and 2019. In 2017, NAFLD surpassed hepatitis C as the leading etiology of liver disease among women who received liver transplants and remained the third most common etiology of liver disease among men who received liver transplants. The increase in liver transplant for NAFLD is associated with a growing obesity crisis [6]. Between 2010 and 2019, proportion of male transplant recipients who were severely obese (BMI ≥ 35) increased from 12.4% to 15.7%, and from 16.5% to 18.4% in women. Past studies have suggested that many transplant recipients with cryptogenic cirrhosis may represent uncounted cases of NAFLD [9, 10] and should be included as a part of the NAFLD cohort. We found among the 259 (3.1% of total) transplants for cryptogenic cirrhosis in 2019, only 32 (12.4%) recipients had a BMI ≥ 35, and among the 145 (1.7% of total) transplants with unspecified liver disease, only 6 (4.1%) had a BMI ≥ 35. Therefore, they would be unlikely contribute to a significant increase in cases of NAFLD. Liver transplants for liver disease and HCC associated with NAFLD will likely continue to grow as a result of the high prevalence of severe and morbid obesity in the U.S. population. The CDC reported among adults living in the U.S. between 2017–2018, the age adjusted prevalence of obesity in adults (BMI ≥ 30) was 42.4%, and 6.9% of men and 11.5% of women were morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40) [11].

While the proportion of liver transplants for hepatitis C has been declining, the proportion of liver transplants for liver disease and HCC related to ALD has increased by 130% in both men (from 14.5% to 33.1%) and women (from 9.2% to 21.1%) between 2010 and 2019. ALD has become the leading indication for liver transplants in men and the second major indication for liver transplants in women in 2019. This trend is associated with the rising alcohol use in the U.S. population [12, 13]. Although men are traditionally heavier drinkers than women, alcohol consumption is rising in women as well. The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions reported increases in alcohol use especially among women in addition to older adults and racial/ethnic minorities [14, 15]. The increase in liver transplants for ALD has also been attributed to broader acceptance of alcoholic liver disease for liver transplants and the relaxation of the mandatory six-month abstinence period prior to transplantation by many transplant centers across the country [16]. Although our study included transplant recipients with HCC or cirrhosis (without HCC) under the same underlying etiology (Tables 1–3), a similar trend in liver transplants for HCV, ALD and NAFLD was found in both recipients without HCC and recipients with HCC (S4 Table).

HCC is a common indication for liver transplantation, although it has declined from 33% to 29% of the transplants in men, and from 20% to 15% among women who received liver transplants between 2010 and 2019. Hepatitis C was the most common cause of HCC among liver transplant recipients, but it has decreased from 68.3% to 46.0% in men and from 66.4% to 36.7% in women between 2010 and 2019. The proportion of liver transplants for HCC caused by ALD has increased by 130% in men (from 8.2% to 18.5%) between 2010 and 2019, although it remained a less common cause of HCC in women. Proportion of liver transplants for HCC caused by NAFLD showed the greatest increase from 4.4% to 15.4% in men and from 6.9% to 29.7% in women between 2010 and 2019. Our findings are consistent with a recent study that in the first quarter of 2019, NASH has surpassed HCV (including HCV+ALD) among women with HCC on the liver transplant waitlist, but HCV remained the major etiology among men with HCC on the liver transplant waitlist in 2019 [5]. Hepatitis B was the second most common cause of HCC in men and women in 2010, but has since dropped to fourth in men and third in women.

Between 2010 and 2019, there was a decrease in the proportions of liver transplants for acute hepatic necrosis (unrelated to hepatitis B or C), cryptogenic cirrhosis and in the category of unspecified diagnosis. Although the reason for the decrease in acute hepatic necrosis is unclear, the latter two decreasing trends likely reflect better diagnosis and coding entries into the UNOS database. There were also increases in liver transplants for graft failure and benign hepatic tumors that were not been previously reported. In the past 10 years, there were no significant changes in the proportions of liver transplants for cholestatic liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, metabolic liver disease, unspecified causes of HCC, other malignant tumors, Budd-Chiari, and in the several diseases we placed in the miscellaneous category.

From 2010 to 2019, about 75% of liver transplants in adults and 87% of liver transplants for HCC each year were performed for complications of largely preventable or treatable causes (hepatitis C and hepatitis B, alcohol associated liver disease, and NAFLD). A public health response to improve awareness, prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment is much needed to help to reduce and eliminate the burden of liver disease and HCC caused by these four diseases. Hepatitis C is an example of what can be achieved through a national public health campaign. Once the most common indication accounting for almost half of liver transplants each year, the continued decline in the number and proportion of men and women transplanted or on the transplant waitlist for hepatitis C demonstrates that with a national campaign to increase hepatitis C screening and treatment, it is feasible to eliminate or reduce its complications and the need for transplantation. Continued declines in liver transplants for HCC related complications can occur by implementing the 2020 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTP) recommendations for universal screening, preventing new infections through harm reduction and needle exchange, and widening access to direct acting antiviral treatment by eliminating fibrosis restrictions [17–20]. Although a decrease in transplants for hepatitis B was seen, there was no change in transplants for HCC associated with hepatitis B. The risks of hepatitis B progression to HCC and cirrhosis can likewise be combated through hepatitis B immunization, public health campaigns to increase screening of at-risk populations including high prevalence foreign-born persons (according to USPSTF recommendations), and long-term disease monitoring and antiviral treatment [21–23]. The rising trend in liver transplants for NAFLD and alcohol-associated liver disease is concerning. Since there is no targeted pharmacological treatment for NAFLD [24], public health campaigns to promote healthy eating and exercise beginning from early childhood, and increased participation of healthcare providers in obesity screening and behavioral counselling are necessary to decrease risk of NAFLD complications [25–27]. Likewise, interventions to reduce alcohol consumption including awareness campaigns and regulation of advertising and pricing, alcohol misuse screenings, and clinical interventions [28] are needed to reduce the future burden of end stage liver disease and HCC caused by alcohol associated liver disease.

Strength and limitations

While prior studies frequently reported HCC as a separate category and not under the liver disease that caused HCC or have focused on hepatitis C, NAFLD or ALD among patients on the waitlist for liver transplant, this is the only study that analyzed all causes of liver disease and HCC among adults who received liver transplants. The limitations of our study include that we restricted our analysis to transplant recipients, so our study does not reflect overall numbers and prevalence of these liver conditions among patients on the transplant waiting list. In addition, while we tried our best to categorize patients into disease categories, a small number of patients where multiple conditions were present, we included them only under their primary diagnosis. We are further limited by the accuracy of data entry and availability of information recorded in the database–for instance we lacked information on metabolic syndrome and risk factors of NAFLD. Despite these limitations, our study provides the first complete analysis of all causes of liver disease among liver transplant recipients between 2010 and 2019.

Conclusions

When all causes of liver disease and HCC were examined, the proportion of liver transplants for unspecified indications in 2019 was only 1.7%. About 75% of liver transplants in adults and 87% of liver transplants for HCC each year were performed for complications of largely preventable or treatable diseases (hepatitis C and B, alcohol associated liver disease and NAFLD), underlying the importance of public health interventions in raising awareness, prevention, early diagnosis and treatment to prevent disease progression to end stage liver disease and HCC. The decline in liver transplantation for HCV demonstrates the feasibility to reduce the burden of end stage liver disease caused by hepatitis C through an increase in screening and treatment efforts.

Supporting information

S1 Table. Diagnosis categorization criteria (methodology).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(15.3KB, docx)}

S2 Table. HBV transplants and co-infection with HCV or HDV, by year, frequency and percent.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.8KB, docx)}

S3 Table. Underlying etiology of HCC among adult liver transplant recipients from 2010 to 2019, by frequency.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(15.3KB, docx)}

S4 Table. Etiology of liver disease among liver transplant recipients with or without HCC by year, frequency and percentage.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(24.1KB, docx)}

Acknowledgments

This work was based on data collected and provided by the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network which is supported in part by Health Resources and Services Administration contract 234-2005-370011C. The content is the responsibility of the authors alone and does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Abbreviations

ALD: alcohol associated liver disease (non-HCV related)
BMI: body mass index
HBV: hepatitis B
HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma
HCV: hepatitis C
LT: liver transplant
NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
OPTN: Organ Procurement and Transplant Network

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

All the funding and support for this study is provided by the Asian Liver Center, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine. There was no additional external funding received for this study.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239393.r001

Decision Letter 0

Gianfranco D Alpini

21 Aug 2020

PONE-D-20-21329

Causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma among men and women who received liver transplants in the U.S., 2010-2019.

PLOS ONE

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Reviewer #1: Wang S and co-authors in the current paper evaluated the different causes for liver transplant (LT), in US, during the last 10 years on the base of OPTN data. Their results reflect with accuracy the changes occurring in the etiologies of liver diseases, including HCC, in the last decade in their country. This analysis is of interest and reports several information that deserve attention. These indications seem also useful to design public health system future strategies.

I just have minor comments:

1) How many HBV transplanted patients were actually HBV-HDV coinfected? Is it possible to retrieve this information from the database? This should be interesting since delta infection is considered aggressive and it is still in search of an adequate therapy. Please comment.

2) When a patient had a concurrent or previous infection with HCV (recently cured with DAA) and alcohol or NASH as cofactor, how was the final diagnosis ruled out?? Please comment.

3) Morbid obesity (>40 BMI) has been considered in the last decades as a possible absolute contraindication to LT by several centers. Do the authors believe that the increase of LT in NASH may be dependent, almost in part, by change of this attitude in recent years? Are there any data on this issue on OPTN database? Please comment.

Reviewer #2: In this paper the authors used the data from the national Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) concerning the indication for liver transplants to examine all causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among adults who received liver transplants in the past 10 years.

The study found NAFLD in 2017 in women and ALD in 2019 in men have surpassed HCV as the leading causes of liver disease and HCC among adults receiving liver transplants.

This is a timely and interesting paper. However different major points need to be clarified and discussed.

Major comments:

1) In this paper the authors merged two distinct categories of patients for each etiology, the ones with cirrhosis and the one with HCC. Moreover, the authors analyzed the changing trends of the etiologies of liver diseases in USA. Natural history of the liver diseases analyzed are very different, in particular with respect the risk of HCC development and the oncogenic potential of each etiologic factors. In my opinion having merged cirrhotic with HCC patients in the analysis of the time trends of the etiology may not reflect the ongoing scenario. Indeed, HCC development characterize the patients with the longer course of the diseases. Perhaps analyzing separately, the liver cirrhosis with respect the HCC can give different results and can be very informative with respect the real and future scenario of the epidemiology of liver diseases and liver transplantation. In case this is not feasible, please discuss this point and compare if possible these results with papers where the HCC and liver cirrhosis have been maintained separated.

2) The recent but largely accepted proposal to establish positive criteria to diagnose the Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD), with new and easy diagnostic criteria need to be discussed. In particular, it will be nice to underline how the NAFLD diagnosis have been established with respect the use of alcohol, and if possible to evaluate how many of the NAFLD diagnosed patients also respect the MAFLD diagnosis.

3) Since this topic is very debated, I would like to see and compare the results of the papers facing the same topic of the changing etiology of transplanted HCC.

4) The diagnosis of NAFLD, ALD, cryptogenic, and metabolic liver cirrhosis should be carefully and precisely defined.

5) It should be mentioned whether other risk factors of NAFDL/MAFLD are known, e.g., DM II, metabolic syndrome, etc...

6) Many patients with cryptogenic liver cirrhosis had in their clinical history previous diagnosis of metabolic risk factors, which may also disappear as the liver disease evolves. When in the anamnesis we retrieve these factors, even if not present more, we prefer to attribute the etiology to NAFLD rather than to unknown causes. Please discuss whether anamnestic history can be considered to evaluate the etiologies.

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PLoS One. 2020 Sep 18;15(9):e0239393. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239393.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

3 Sep 2020

Response to reviewers

Reviewer #1:

We have added Table S2 in the supplementary supporting information with a sub-analysis of HBV transplants including HDV coinfection information. The percentage of HBV transplanted patients with HDV coinfection was low, ranging from 1.2% to 4.8% per year.

2) When a patient had a concurrent or previous infection with HCV (recently cured with DAA) and alcohol or NASH as cofactor, how was the final diagnosis ruled out?? Please comment.

The national OPTN STAR liver transplant database only collects HCV diagnoses and HCV serology entered by the transplant centers. Unfortunately, it does not have HCV RNA data before 2018 or information on whether the patient has been cured by DAA at the time of waitlist registration or at transplantation. To give as accurate a depiction as possible of HCV in liver transplantation as a result of past or current infection, we included any patient with a positive HCV antibody or HCV diagnoses in the category of liver transplants associated with HCV even if they have alcohol or NASH as a cofactor.

With the increasing incidence of NAFLD associated end stage liver disease and HCC, patients with NAFLD are increasingly accepted as candidates for liver transplantation in the U.S. Recent studies of the patients on the liver transplant waitlist showed that NAFLD is becoming the fastest growing indication for liver transplant. Despite the increased risk of perioperative complications, analysis of OPTN database for the association of BMI with patient and graft survival found surprisingly that lean NAFLD liver transplant recipients actually had lower graft and patient survival than all obese (class 1, 2 and 3 obesity) cohorts. (Satapathy SK, Jiang Y, Agbim U, et al. Posttransplant Outcome of Lean Compared With Obese Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in the United States: The Obesity Paradox. Liver Transpl. 2020;26(1):68-79. doi:10.1002/lt.25672)

Reviewer #2:

Thank you for the excellent comments. The reason we included HCC in our analysis was because most of the reports in the U.S. have listed HCC regardless of the etiology of liver disease as a separate indication for liver transplant. By only including cirrhosis and not HCC, we felt it resulted in an under appreciation of the impact of all the complications associated with the underlying liver disease that resulted in liver transplantation.

We have added Table S4 in the supplementary supporting information that separated the two groups, i.e., liver transplants associated with the various causes of liver disease with HCC and without HCC.

When analyzed separately, the trend between 2010 and 2019 were:

HCV liver transplants without HCC declined by 67% (from 25.1% to 8.3%), and by 46% for HCV liver transplants with HCC (from 19.3% to 10.4%).

ALD liver transplants without HCC increased by 2.3-fold (from 10.7% to 25%), and by 1.9-fold for ALD liver transplants with HCC (from 2% to 3.8%).

NAFLD liver transplants without HCC increased 2.2-fold (from 7.6% to 17%), and by 3.2- fold for NAFLD liver transplants with HCC (from 1.4% to 4.5%)

We also added the following sentence in the discussion “Although our study included transplant recipients with HCC or cirrhosis (without HCC) under the same underlying etiology (Tables 1, 2, 3), a similar trend in liver transplants for HCV, ALD and NAFLD was found in both recipients without HCC and recipients with HCC (S4 Table).”

In our study NAFLD are patients in the OPTN database recorded as having a diagnosis of cirrhosis from fatty liver (NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) (Table S1 in the supplementary supporting information).

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), the newly proposed overarching terminology for fatty liver disease introduced in 2020, is based on the presence of hepatic steatosis and any 1 of 3 metabolic risks, namely obesity (BMI >25), DM Type 2, or metabolic dysregulation (2 of following: high waist circumference, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, and high plasma C-reactive protein levels)

The OPTN database has data on hepatic steatosis entered as NASH, as well as BMI and DM Type 2 status, but does not capture data on metabolic dysregulation. Based on the available data reported in the OPTN database (diagnosis of NASH, and either BMI >25 or presence of DM Type 2) an estimated 94.3 to 97.3% of NAFLD transplants each year would satisfy the MAFLD criteria.

NAFLD transplants satisfying MAFLD criteria

Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Satisfies criteria 496

(95.6%) 515

(96.4%) 579

(97.3%) 662

(94.8%) 747

(94.3%) 864

(94.7%) 1200

(94.9%) 1308

(95.5%) 1475

(95.5%) 1705

(95.0%)

Total 519 534 595 698 792 912 1264 1370 1544 1795

3) Since this topic is very debated, I would like to see and compare the results of the papers facing the same topic of the changing etiology of transplanted HCC.

There have been no reports on the etiology of HCC among patients who received liver transplant after 2015 in the US, and no comprehensive study on all causes of HCC among liver transplant recipients.

We added a sentence in the discussion that our findings in the trends in etiology of HCC among liver transplant recipients are consistent with the recent study by Wong and Singal who reported an increasing trend in liver transplant waitlist registrants with HCC associated with NASH and ALD and the decreasing trend associated with HCV. In the first 3 months of 2019, among women with HCC on the liver transplant waitlist, NASH has surpassed HCV (including HCV+ALD), but HCV remained the major etiology among men on the liver transplant waitlist with HCC. (Wong RJ, Singal AK. Trends in Liver Disease Etiology Among Adults Awaiting Liver Transplantation in the United States, 2014-2019. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(2):e1920294. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20294)

4) The diagnosis of NAFLD, ALD, cryptogenic, and metabolic liver cirrhosis should be carefully and precisely defined.

The diagnoses of NAFLD, ALD, cryptogenic, and metabolic liver cirrhosis were defined according to the OPTN diagnoses as listed in Table S1 in the supplementary supporting information:

NAFLD: NASH diagnosis

ALD: alcoholic cirrhosis without HCV, acute alcoholic hepatitis

Cryptogenic: cryptogenic cirrhosis WITHOUT other secondary diagnosis

Metabolic: Cystic fibrosis, A1AD, Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis, glycogen storage disease, hyperlipidemia, tyrosinemia, oxaluria, maple syrup urine disease, other metabolic disease

Accuracy of the OPTN database is dependent on the diagnoses and data entries by the physicians associated with each transplant center.

5) It should be mentioned whether other risk factors of NAFDL/MAFLD are known, e.g., DM II, metabolic syndrome, etc...

The OPTN database has DM II and BMI data, but we do not have data on triglyceride levels, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, thyroid function, or pituitary function. The lack of information in the OPTN database on metabolic syndrome and risk factors of NAFLD was added under the limitations of the study.

Unfortunately, the OPTN STAR database does not include variables for metabolic risk factors such as a large waistline, high triglyceride level, low HDL cholesterol level, high blood pressure, or high fasting blood sugar. We also cannot access patients’ history aside from the diagnoses recorded on the intake form or at time of transplant.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(30.1KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239393.r003

Decision Letter 1

Gianfranco D Alpini

8 Sep 2020

Causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma among men and women who received liver transplants in the U.S., 2010-2019.

PONE-D-20-21329R1

Dear Dr. Samuel K So,

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Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

**********

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**********

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**********

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**********

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Reviewer #2: All comments have been nicely addressed in this version. The manuscript seems ameliorated significantly

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239393.r004

Acceptance letter

Gianfranco D Alpini

10 Sep 2020

PONE-D-20-21329R1

Causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma among men and women who received liver transplants in the U.S., 2010-2019.

Dear Dr. So:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Table. Diagnosis categorization criteria (methodology).

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(15.3KB, docx)}

S2 Table. HBV transplants and co-infection with HCV or HDV, by year, frequency and percent.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.8KB, docx)}

S3 Table. Underlying etiology of HCC among adult liver transplant recipients from 2010 to 2019, by frequency.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(15.3KB, docx)}

S4 Table. Etiology of liver disease among liver transplant recipients with or without HCC by year, frequency and percentage.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(24.1KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(30.1KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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PERMALINK

Causes and trends in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma among men and women who received liver transplants in the U.S., 2010-2019

Sonia Wang

Mehlika Toy

Thi T Hang Pham

Samuel So

Roles

Abstract

Background and aims

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Materials and methods

Statistical analysis

Results

Trends in etiology of liver disease and HCC among adult liver transplant recipients from 2010 to 2019

Table 1. Causes of liver disease and HCC among adult liver transplant recipients in the U.S. from 2010 to 2019 by frequency and percentage.

Table 2. Linear regression slope estimates by year and p-values for proportion of liver transplants caused by each disease etiology in general population, men, and women.

Trends in etiology of liver disease among men who received liver transplants from 2010 to 2019

Table 3. Causes of liver disease and HCC among men who received liver transplant in the U.S. from 2010 to 2019 by frequency and percentage.

Trends in etiology of liver disease among women who received liver transplants from 2010 to 2019

Table 4. Causes of liver disease and HCC among women who received liver transplant in the U.S. from 2010 to 2019 by frequency and percentage.

Etiology of HCC among adult liver transplant recipients between 2010 and 2019

Table 5. Liver disease associated with HCC among men and women who received LT in the U.S. between 2010 and 2019.

Discussion

Strength and limitations

Conclusions

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Gianfranco D Alpini

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Gianfranco D Alpini

Roles

Acceptance letter

Gianfranco D Alpini

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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