Fig. 2.
Mechanisms of IVM-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.
Cancer cells exposure to IVM can be induced to generate ROS generation and reduce membrane potential of mitochondria. Moreover, IVM can up-regulate Bax and down-regulate Bcl-2, promote releasing of cytochrome C into the cytosol, and activate the signaling cascade of caspases–9/3. Finally, activated PARP and caspase-3 trigger apoptosis.