Abstract
Background:
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensory disorder of the nervous system, which often affects the sleep quality of patients. Acupuncture and related techniques are increasingly used to treat neurological diseases, but their efficacy and safety for RLS are yet to be established. The purpose of this study is to summarize the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture and related techniques for RLS.
Methods:
We will conduct a comprehensive data retrieval, and the electronic databases will include PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, WangFang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, from establishment to October 2020. We will also manually search unpublished studies and references, and contact lead authors. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of acupuncture and related techniques for RLS will be included. The outcomes of interest include: The total effective rate and International Restless Leg Syndrome rating scale (IRLS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), adverse events, quality of life. To assess the methodological quality, we will use the Cochrane risk assessment tool. RevMan 5.3.5 software will be used to conduct data synthesis. The evidence quality of each outcome will be appraised according to Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).
Results:
The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Conclusion:
This study will provide a high-quality evidence to evaluate the efficacy and adverse reactions of acupuncture and related techniques for RLS.
PROSPERO registration number:
CRD42020157957.
Keywords: acupuncture, protocol, restless legs syndrome, systematic review
1. Introduction
Restless legs syndrome (RLS, also called Willis-Ekbom disease), is a common sensory disorder of the nervous system, which is mainly manifested by patients desire for legs activity at night or at rest, accompanied by discomfort, and the symptoms are relieved after the activity. Diagnosis should be distinguished from certain diseases (such as muscle pain, varicose veins, arthritis, lower extremity edema).[1] There is currently no objectively available tests to diagnose RLS, mainly based on subjective symptom descriptions.[2]
In terms of prevalence, North America and Europe are the highest, estimated at between 5.5% and 11.6%, and relatively lower in Asia, estimated at between 1.0% and 7.5%.[3] Women over 35 years old are twice as likely to suffer from this disease as men, and the prevalence of children is 2%.[4,5] The prevalence of RLS is mainly related to the following factors: genetics, iron deficiency, kidney disease, pregnancy, Parkinson, certain drugs (such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, histamine receptor blockers), smoking, drinking, caffeine, etc.[6,7] Previous studies have shown that family history of more than 60% of the patients with RLS.[6] Other studies have shown that the risk of RLS in patients with iron deficiency anemia is 5 to 6 times that of the general population, and the prevalence of patients with end-stage renal disease is 6.6% to 68%.[8,9]
The pathogenesis of RLS is still unclear. Existing studies indicate that it may be related to dopamine transport disorders, certain genes, neurotransmitter and neural pathway abnormalities, and neuroanatomical abnormalities.[10–13] A large number of studies have shown that the quality of life of RLS patients is affected, and 75% of patients have sleep disturbances, which can affect work in serious cases.[14–17] Long-term RLS may affect cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cause autonomic disorders, which may be related to sympathetic nerve excitement.[18,19] Psychological distress is also more common in patients with RLS.[20] Studies on male patients with RLS suggest that RLS is associated with sexual dysfunction.[21]
At present, α2δ ligands and dopamine agonists are recommended as the first-line drugs for the treatment of RLS. Second-line drugs are opioids, benzodiazepines and iron.[22] These drugs are selected according to the individuation of patients, which has been proved to be effective, but followed by some adverse consequences. According to the survey,[23] 76% of patients using dopamine agonists developed augmentation (delayed exacerbation of symptoms) over time. Some drugs are dependent, causing dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and so on.[24] Because the drugs are not applicable in some cases and the side effects can not be ignored, some non-pharmacologic treatments with less side effects may be the methods for the treatment of RLS.
Acupuncture is a kind of external treatment, is a traditional Chinese treatment.[25] It has been proven to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy for the treatment of neurological diseases.[26,27] Studies have shown that its side effects are far less than dopamine agonists.[28,29] Therefore, it is possible that acupuncture of RLS is effective and safe. Acupuncture and related techniques for the treatment of RLS include acupuncture, warming acupuncture, electroacupuncture, moxibustion and so on.
At present, there are 3 published systematic reviews of acupuncture of RLS.[30–32] One of them included only 2 studies before 2007, and the conclusion was insufficient. The other 2 systematic reviews were published in Chinese. They did not conduct a comprehensive literature search, and the outcomes were few. The conclusions could not truly reflect the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture treatment for RLS. Therefore, we consider that it is necessary to re-conduct a systematic review. We will strictly abide by the method of systematic review in order to provide more reliable evidence for doctors and researchers, as well as more reasonable treatment for RLS patients.
2. Methods
2.1. Study registration
Our protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020157957). This report will be conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P).[33] The changes will be described in our full review.
2.2. Inclusion criteria
2.2.1. Type of studies
This study will include all relevant randomized clinical trials (RCTs) without language restrictions.
2.2.2. Type of participants
RLS patients who meet the diagnostic criteria will be included, regardless of age, gender, race.
2.2.3. Type of interventions
Acupuncture and related techniques will choose warming acupuncture, electroacupuncture, moxibustion, manual acupuncture, ear acupuncture, acupressure, etc. Combination with other conventional therapies (e.g., medication/drugs) will also be allowed.
2.2.4. Type of comparators
Conventional treatments, placebo, no treatment or sham acupuncture will be as comparators. However, the comparisons between acupuncture and related techniques will be excluded.
2.2.5. Types of outcome measures
2.2.5.1. Primary outcomes
The total effective rate and international restless leg syndrome rating scale (IRLS).
2.2.5.2. Secondary outcomes
-
1.
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI).
-
2.
Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA).
-
3.
Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD).
-
4.
Adverse events.
-
5.
Quality of life.
2.3. Exclusion criteria
Studies that are repeatedly published and necessary information cannot be obtained in various ways will be excluded.
2.4. Search methods for identification of studies
We will conduct a comprehensive data retrieval, and the electronic databases will include PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, WangFang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, from establishment to October 2020. We will also manually search unpublished studies and references. The specific search strategy of Pubmed is provided in Table 1.
Table 1.
The search strategy for PubMed.
2.5. Studies selection
NoteExpress3.2.0 software will eliminate duplicate studies from all the obtained literatures. The unqualified studies in the remaining articles will be eliminated by 2 reviewers by reading the title and abstract. Then, 2 reviewers will read the full text to determine the final included studies. If the significant information of the article is incomplete, we will contact the author. In all the processes, the researchers will operate independently. When 2 reviewers have disagreements, the decision will be made by the third researcher. The above process is presented in the flowchart (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Flowchart of literature selection.
2.6. Data extraction and management
We will establish a data extraction table, which will be used by 2 researchers to extract data from qualified literature. The specific contents will include: author, publication time, participant characteristics, intervention (s), comparison (s), outcome (s), adverse events and some relevant features. If the significant information of the article is incomplete, we will contact the author. In case of disagreements, the third researcher will be consulted.
2.7. Assessment of the methodological quality
The Cochrane risk assessment tool will be used by us to evaluate the methodological quality of qualified RCTs.[34] It includes 7 items: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and caregivers, blinding of outcome assessors, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other bias. The evaluation result of each item will be “high risk”, “low risk”, or “unclear risk”. The assessment will be completed by 2 reviewers, and disagreements will be handed over to the third reviewer for the final decision.
2.8. Measures of treatment effect
Mean difference (MD) or standard mean difference (SMD) will be used for continuous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Dichotomous outcomes will be summarized by risk ratio (RR) with 95% CIs.
2.9. Dealing with missing data
We will contact the author by phone or email to obtain complete information. If we cannot obtain that missing data, the analysis will be performed according to the available data. Besides, we will consider the potential impact of missing data for our studies. Otherwise, we will rule out the study.
2.10. Assessment of heterogeneity
We will use chi-square test and I2 value to verify heterogeneity. When P < .1, I2 > 50%, there is significant heterogeneity between studies; otherwise, heterogeneity is acceptable.
2.11. Data synthesis
Data synthesis will be completed using RevMan5.3.5 software (Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014). When I2 < 50%, we will choose the fixed effects model; Otherwise, the random effects model will be selected. The forest plots will present the results of the meta-analyses. We will conduct descriptive analysis, when the results are not suitable for consolidation. When more than 10 studies are included, we will use the funnel plot to assess publication bias.
2.12. Subgroup analysis
If necessary, subgroup analyses will be performed according to the different types of participant characteristics, treatment methods, treatment frequency, and so on.
2.13. Sensitivity analysis
When there is significant heterogeneity, we will conduct a sensitivity analysis. We will determine the robustness of the results by excluding low-quality studies.
2.14. Summary of evidence
We will evaluate the evidence quality of each outcome based on Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).[35] Two reviewers will conduct independent evaluation, and if there are disagreements, the third author will give the decision.
2.15. Ethics and dissemination
In this study, no individual data from participants will be involved, so ethics approval is not required. This systematic review will be published through peer-reviewed journal.
3. Discussion
RLS is a disease that has a great influence on patients quality of life. At present, the internationally recommended treatment is pharmacotherapy, but if patients use drugs for a long time, the side effects cannot be ignored. RCTs have proved that acupuncture is effective in treating RLS with little side effects. Therefore, we hope that this study can provide a high level of evidence-based evidence for the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture and related techniques in the treatment of RLS, and guide clinical decision-making.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Jie Xiang, Jun Xiong.
Data curation: Jie Xiang, Fanghui Hua, Shouqiang Huang.
Formal analysis: Yunfeng Jiang, Hailiang Qiang, Min Wang.
Investigation: Jie Xiang, Jun Xiong.
Methodology: Honglian Li, Jun Xiong, Fanghui Hua, Shouqiang Huang.
Software: Yunfeng Jiang, Hailiang Qiang, Min Wang.
Supervision: Jun Xiong, Fan Xie.
Writing – original draft: Jie Xiang, Jun Xiong, Fanghui Hua, Shouqiang Huang.
Writing – review & editing: Honglian Li, Yunfeng Jiang, Fan Xie, Min Wang.
Footnotes
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval, GRADE = Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation, HAMA = Hamilton anxiety scale, HAMD = Hamilton depression scale, IRLS = International Restless Leg Syndrome rating scale, MD = mean difference, PRISMA-P = Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis protocols, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, RCT = randomized clinical trial, RLS = restless legs syndrome, RR = risk ratio, SMD = standard mean difference.
How to cite this article: Xiang J, Li H, Xiong J, Hua F, Huang S, Jiang Y, Qiang H, Xie F, Wang M. Acupuncture and related techniques for restless legs syndrome: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2020;99:39(e22205).
This work was supported by Jiangxi university of traditional Chinese medicine 1050 youth talent project (Grant number: 5141900101), Key Research and Development Project of Jiangxi Province (Grant No. 20161BBG70109), Distinguished Young Talents Plan of Jiangxi Province (Grant No. 20171BCB23093), and Natural Science Youth Foundation Key Projects of Jiangxi Province (Grant No. 20192ACB21007).
The funders had no role in the design, execution, or writing of the study.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
- [1].Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Garcia-Borreguero D, et al. Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria-history, rationale, description, and significance. Sleep Med 2014;15:860–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [2].Wijemanne S, Ondo W. Restless Legs Syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis and a practical approach to management. Pract Neurol 2017;17:444–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [3].Koo BB. Restless leg syndrome across the globe: epidemiology of the restless legs Syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease. Sleep Med Clin 2015;10:189–205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [4].Manconi M, Ulfberg J, Berger K, et al. When gender matters: restless legs syndrome. Report of the“RLS and woman’ ’workshop endorsed by the European RLS Study Group. Sleep Med Rev 2012;16:297–307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [5].Sander HH, Eckeli AL, Costa Passos AD, et al. Prevalence and quality of life and sleep in children and adolescents with restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease. Sleep Med 2017;30:204–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [6].Winkelmann J, Wetter TC, Collado-Seidel V, et al. Clinical characteristics and frequency of the hereditary restless legs syndrome in a population of 300 patients. Sleep 2000;23:597–602. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [7].The study group of Parkinson's disease and movement disorders in Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. The diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines for restless legs syndrome. Zhonghua Shen Jing Ke Za Zhi 2009;42:709–11. [Google Scholar]
- [8].Allen RP, Auerbach S, Bahrain H, et al. The prevalence and impact of restless legs syndrome on patients with iron deficiency anemia. Am J Hematol 2013;88:261–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [9].Tachibana N. Living with restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease. Sleep Med Clin 2015;10:359–67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [10].Khan FH, Ahlberg CD, Chow CA, et al. Iron, dopamine, genetics, and hormones in the pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome. J Neurol 2017;264:1634–41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [11].Rizzo G, Li X, Galantucci S, et al. Brain imaging and networks in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2017;31:39–48. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [12].Unrath A, Juengling FD, Schork M, et al. Cortical grey matter alterations in idiopathic restless legs syndrome: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study. Mov Disord 2007;22:1751–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [13].Connor JR, Wang XS, Allen RP, et al. Altered dopaminergic profile in the putamen and substantia nigra in restless leg syndrome. Brain 2009;132:2403–12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [14].Stevens MS. Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease morbidity: burden, quality of life, cardiovascular aspects, and sleep. Sleep Med Clin 2015;10:369–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [15].Allen R, Walters A, Montplaisir J, et al. Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1286–92. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [16].Allen R, Stillman P, Myers A. Physician-diagnosed restless legs syndrome in a large sample of primary medical care patients in western Europe: prevalence and characteristics. Sleep Med 2010;11:31–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [17].Kushida C, Martin M, Nikam P, et al. Burden of restless legs syndrome on health-related quality of life. Qual Life Res 2007;16:617–24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [18].Winkelman J, Shahar E, Sharief I, et al. Association of restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular disease in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Neurology 2007;70:35–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [19].Gottlieb DJ, Somers VK, Punjabi NM, et al. Restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a research roadmap. Sleep Med 2017;31:10–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [20].Scholz H, Benes H, Happe S, et al. Psychological distress of patients suffering from restless legs syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2011;9:73. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [21].Kurt O, Yazici CM, Alp R, et al. Is it only a sleeping disorder or more? Restless legs syndrome and erectile function. Scand J Urol 2016;50:392–5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [22].Zucconi M, Galbiati A, Rinaldi F, et al. An update on the treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease: prospects and challenges. Expert Rev Neurother 2018;18:705–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [23].Allen RP, Ondo WG, Ball E, et al. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) augmentation associated with dopamine agonist and levodopa usage in a community sample. Sleep Med 2011;12:431–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [24].Winkelmann J, Allen RP, Hogl B, et al. Treatment of restless legs syndrome: evidence-based review and implications for clinical practice (Revised 2017)§. Mov Disord 2018;33:1077–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [25].White A, Ernst E. A brief history of acupuncture. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:662–3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [26].Chen L, Houghton M, Seefeld L, et al. A survey of selected physician views on acupuncture in pain management. Pain Med 2010;11:530–4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [27].Pan W, Wang M, Li M, et al. Actigraph evaluation of acupuncture for treating restless legs syndrome. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015;2015:1–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [28].Morgan JC, Sethi KD. Efficacy and safety of pramipexole in restless legs syndrome. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007;7:273–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [29].Inoue Y, Kuroda K, Hirata K, et al. Efficacy, safety and dose-response of pramipexole in Japanese patients with primary restless legs syndrome: randomized trial. Neuropsychobiology 2010;63:35–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [30].Cui Y, Wang Y, Liu Z. Acupuncture for restless legs syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;8:Cd006457. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [31].Zhou R, Li KS, Zhuang LX. Cumulative meta-analysis of acupuncture of restless legs syndrome. Tianjin J Tradit Chin Med 2019;36:579–83. [Google Scholar]
- [32].Qiu S. The effectiveness of acupuncture for restless legs syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liaoning Univ Tradit Chin Med 2015. [Google Scholar]
- [33].Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ 2015;350:1–25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [34].Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:1–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- [35].Deng T, Wang Y, Huang D, et al. Methods for formulating clinical practice guidelines: GRADE method theory. Chine J Evid Based Cardiovasc Med 2018;10:1441–5. [Google Scholar]