Abstract
The Latarjet technique is a widely used technique for anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone defects, irreparable capsuloligamentous lesion, or in patients at greater risk of recurrence. The use of this technique has been reported to obtain satisfactory clinical and biomechanical results. Although other methods exist, the coracoid process is typically fixed with 2 metal screws. Complications related to metal fixation are very frequently reported. In an attempt to avoid these complications, we developed this arthroscopically assisted metal-free Latarjet technique in which we fix a coracoid graft using four cerclage tapes to achieve a strong, stable fixation, thus mimicking a plate.
First described in 1954,1 the Latarjet technique is a widely used technique for the surgical treatment of anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone defects, irreparable capsuloligamentous lesions, or in patients at high risk of recurrence.2,3 Multiple authors have reported satisfactory clinical and biomechanical results with this procedure.4, 5, 6, 7 In 2007, Lafosse et al.8 described the arthroscopic technique obtaining good published functional results, which have been subsequently reproduced and published in various studies.9, 10, 11 In this procedure, the coracoid process is usually fixed with 2 metal screws, although other fixation methods, such as metal buttons, have recently been used. The most frequent complications of these procedures are related to metal-fixation methods.6,12,13 We present a minimally invasive arthroscopic metal-free Latarjet technique in which the graft is fixed using cerclage tapes, avoiding likely complications related to metal implants. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are described in Table 1.
Table 1.
Advantages
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Disadvantages
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Surgical Technique (With Video Illustration)
The surgical technique is demonstrated in Video 1.
Step 1. Identification and Preparation of the Coracoid Process
With the patient placed under general anesthesia and in an oblique position, a mini-open direct approach is performed through a 3-cm skin incision made over the coracoid process (Fig 1A). The coracoacromial ligament and the pectoralis minor muscle are released circumferentially until we reach the conjoint tendon insertion (Fig 1B). An osteotomy is then performed with an angled motorized saw at the base of the coracoid process. To complete coracoid preparation, we perform an osteotomy at the inferior face using a straight saw to obtain a flat surface of cancellous bone and to achieve a greater contact area with the anterior face of the glenoid defect (Fig 2A). Following that, a longitudinal measurement of the coracoid process is taken (Fig 2B).
Step 2. Glenoid Exposure and Preparation
Through the usual portals, a diagnostic arthroscopy of the glenohumeral joint is performed (Fig 3 A and B), and the injured capsulolabral complex is detached from 1 to 6 o’clock until the muscle fibers of the subscapularis are seen. Using a percutaneous portal passing through the upper tendon of the subscapularis and with the help of an indirect SutureLasso (Arthrex, Naples, FL) suture passer, a polyester polydioxanone suture is passed through the capsulolabral complex—including the middle glenohumeral ligament—to separate it from the anterior glenoid rim (Fig 4). This permits an optimal view of the glenoid defect and leaves a wide space for a smoother passage of the coracoid process. Next, the anterior glenoid defect is debrided with a shaver, dissector, and curette (Fig 5 A and B). Here, it is necessary to expose the bone of the glenoid rim for the posterior reinsertion of the articular capsulolabral complex. The anterior glenoid defect is then marked with an arthroscopic radiofrequency ablator at the midpoint of the length of the coracoid, starting from the lower edge of the defect (Fig 6 A and B).
Step 3. Subscapular Split
A Wissinger rod is passed from the posterior portal through the subscapularis muscle to determine the level of the horizontal split of the lower portion of this muscle (Fig 7A). Through the previous coracoid skin incision, scissors are passed for muscular opening after digitally locating the metal rod. After digital and scissor dilation, the opening for the passage of the coracoids is completed (Fig 7B). An 8.25-mm cannula (Arthrex) is then placed in this same direction for the passage and exchange of sutures and tapes.
Step 4. Tunnel Drilling
At the mark made in the glenoid defect, a specially designed metal hook is passed through the standard posterior portal with the specific drilling guide (Arthrex) and placed on the anterior glenoid rim (Fig 8A). The guided drill is passed through another medial portal and placed against the posterior glenoid. Two tunnels are then drilled through the glenoid using 2.4-mm cannulated drill bits (Fig 8B), the drilling guide is then removed. Two nitinol wires are passed through the drills, which are removed (Fig 9A). To avoid breakage of the nitinol wires during traction of the cerclage system, these are switched with 2 high-strength FiberLink (Arthrex) sutures with loops at their ends (Fig 9B). These sutures are colored differently, and one has its loop directed anteriorly and the other posteriorly. Again, the distance of the most distal tunnel to the lowest margin of the glenoid is measured (Fig 10A). The distance between the tunnels and the glenoid surface is also measured (Fig 10B). This first distance serves as a reference for drilling the tunnel located closer to the conjoint tendon in the coracoid process and then drill the second tunnel at 10 mm away. The second distance serves as a marker of the distance from the tunnels to the lateral border of the coracoid process. Once marked, 2 tunnels are drilled in the coracoid process (Fig 11 A and B).
Step 5. Coracoid Placement and Fixation
We proceed to pull the FiberLink (Arthrex) sutures to transport 2 preconfigured FiberTape Cerclage tapes (Arthrex), from the posterior end to the anterior end through the inferior tunnel in the glenoid, using the anterior cannula (Fig 12). The cannula is then retrieved after the FiberTape passage (Fig 13). Both tapes are passed through the coracoid process from the flattened cancellous side and passed again in the opposite direction, through the superior tunnel (the one further from the conjoint tendon) (Fig 14 A-C). Next, the tapes—carrying the coracoid process with them—are passed back through the glenoid in the opposite direction through the superior glenoid tunnel. This step completes a circular configuration (Fig 15 A and B).
Following that, the tapes are pulled symmetrically from the posterior side to tighten them and avoid slack on the loops. The cerclage tapes are then interconnected to each other using the preconfigured racking hitch knots in the FiberTape Cerclage system (Arthrex). Manually, the knots are slipped against the posterior glenoid in an alternating and symmetrical manner. The correct position and fixation of the coracoid process is checked under direct viewing (Fig 16). With a tensioner (FiberTape Cerclage Tensioner; Arthrex), each suture is pulled separately until a strong (up to 90N) fixation is reached (Fig 17). Finally, the system is locked with 3 alternating knots.
Step 6. Reconstruction of the Capsulolabral Complex
Reconstruction of the capsulolabral complex on the native anterior glenoid rim is done using knotless implants of 1.8-mm Knotless FiberTak (Arthrex), leaving the coracoid in an extra-articular position (Fig 18 A and B). Finally, the wounds are sutured (Fig 19), no drainage is used, and the arm is placed in a sling.
The tips and pitfalls of this technique are discussed in (Table 2).
Table 2.
Tips
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Pitfalls
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Postoperative Care
During the postoperative period, the shoulder is immobilized with a sling in a neutral position for 3 weeks. Pendulum and passive assisted flexion exercises, as well as isometric strengthening of the deltoid and the scapular stabilizing musculature, are prescribed. Mobility exercises of the elbow and hand are encouraged. External rotation less than 20° in adduction is permitted (elbow to the side of the body).
At 3 weeks’ postoperatively, the neutral sling is removed, and active assisted mobilization exercises are initiated. Progressive stretches in external rotation are started at 4 to 6 weeks’ postoperatively to achieve a complete arc of movement. Muscle-strengthening exercises are further increased at 6 weeks’ postoperatively. Return-to-sports activities are allowed at 4 months’ postoperatively. Radiographic postoperative controls are performed early, at 3 and 6 weeks of follow-up, with neutral anteroposterior and Bernageau views. The position of the coracoid process is assessed with an early postoperative CT scan.
Discussion
The Latarjet technique, modified by Patte et al.14 and popularized by Walch and Boileau,15 is a widely used surgical treatment. It is commonly considered to be the gold standard intervention for recurrent anterior shoulder instabilities with bone defects in the glenoid, humeral head, or both, with several reported good long-term results.16,17 Traditionally, it is performed with an open technique, although there is currently an ongoing interest to perform it arthroscopically. The latter, however, still has a steep learning curve that deems it “not reproducible” for many surgeons. Despite the excellent clinical results available in the literature, up to 30% complication rates have been reported in both open and arthroscopic approaches, with up to 7% reoperation rates.6,12 A significant percentage, between 6% and 46% of reoperations, were related to fixation with metallic screws, either due to symptomatic hardware or malpositioned screws.4,18, 19, 20
Achieving a correct positioning of the coracoid flush with the glenoid surface and screw fixation is technically challenging, whether by an open or arthroscopic approach, because when drilling from anterior, it places the brachial plexus at risk if we aim to be parallel to the joint line.21
Some screw-related complications may involve screw avulsion, twisting or breakage, and impingement of the humeral head, which can lead to early degenerative changes.4,6 Other reported screw-related complications include capsular and subscapular muscle irritation or iatrogenic nerve injury—involving the suprascapular, musculocutaneous, or cubital nerves.9,22, 23, 24, 25 Even though clinically relevant neurologic injury is not common, fixation with screws also may lead to graft osteolysis, cut out, and symptomatic hardware, as previously mentioned.26 These problems may require the removal of the screws by an open or arthroscopic approach.23 In addition, failure of screw fixation may result from fractures through one or both drill holes, overtightening of the screws at the coracoid bone block or even from screw breakage in bone graft resorption or pseudarthrosis.9,19,27,28
Apart from the most widely used metal screws, other devices have been used in coracoid process fixation such as metallic buttress plates, bioabsorbable screws, and cortical buttons. Boileau et al.20 introduced the fixation with a suspensory cortical button —single or double—as an alternative to avoid the complications related to screw fixation in this procedure. Metallic buttress plates have been found to cause soft-tissue irritation.29,30 Fixation with bioabsorbable screws has been recommended against because of a 67% osteolysis rate, which is far more than the 33% reported with metal screws.31 Fixation with cortical buttons, in spite of good preliminary results, has been recently associated with higher rates of recurrent dislocation.32,33 Also, the all-arthroscopic technique may have a steep learning curve for surgeons.34
Using this “Latarjet Cerclage” technique (Fig 20), we achieve a strong fixation, mimicking a compression plate between the coracoid process and the glenoid. This is due to the usage of 4 high-resistance 2-mm tapes in a 2.4-mm tunnel and configuring them in a circle, connecting both tunnels with the same tapes. Because of the usage of smaller diameter tunnels, both in the glenoid and the coracoid, we have the theorical advantage of minimal bone loss. Consequently, this increases glenoid-to-graft contact surface and decreases the risk of graft fracture. In addition, the designed metallic hook and drilling guide make this technique reproducible and may potentially decrease the risk of malpositioning of the tunnels, resulting in accurate placement of the coracoid graft. In addition, in this technique, we advocate the repair of the capsulolabral complex to increase articular stability and preserve proprioception. This could possibly reduce subjective patient apprehension.35, 36, 37 It has also been proposed that elastic fixation, leads to healing and remodeling that cannot be achieved when using more rigid fixation methods.38
The new fixation technique we present is an alternative to the traditional use of metal implants in the Latarjet procedure. With this technique, we are able to eliminate the problems related to screw removal, image scattering, and soft-tissue impingement. Obtaining the coracoid graft arthroscopically is considered to be a time-consuming and technically challenging step in the all-arthroscopic approach; therefore, we believe that our technique renders this intervention more reproducible and less technically demanding by using the mini-open approach. In addition, we refrain from using the dangerous supra-mammary portal required to achieve the ideal direction of the coracoid-fixing screw by using the FiberTape cerclage system. The limitations and risks of this technique are discussed in (Table 3).
Table 3.
Limitations
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Risks
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In conclusion, the arthroscopically assisted metal-free Latarjet cerclage technique we present is a less-complex and more-reproducible intervention for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability when compared with the more commonly employed techniques.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Dr. Gilles Walch for encouraging us to develop this technique.
Footnotes
The authors report the following potential conflicts of interest or sources of funding: A.-I.H.H. reports personal fees from Arthrex, outside the submitted work. In addition, he has a patent bone block cerclage pending. R.B. reports grants from Acumed, personal fees from Smith & Nephew, personal fees from Exactech, and personal fees from Conmed, outside the submitted work. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
Supplementary Data
References
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