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. 2020 Sep 28;8:e53490. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e53490

Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae) on Russula sp. from Yunnan, PR China

Feng-ming Yu 1,2, Ruvishika S Jayawardena 2, Jianwei Liu 1, Kevin D Hyde 1,2,3, Qi Zhao 1,4,✉
PMCID: PMC7536245  PMID: 33061777

Abstract

Background

Hypomyces is a large genus of fungicolous fungi, parasitising the fruiting bodies of Agaricales, Boletales, Helotiales, Pezizales and Polyporales. Hypomyces currently comprises of 147 species widely distributed in Australia, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, North America, Sri Lanka, Thailand and UK. Amongst them, 28 species have been recorded in China.

New information

Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov., growing on the fruiting bodies of Russula sp. in subsect. Lactarioideae and collected from Yunnan, China, is described with illustrations and molecular phylogenetic data (combined ITS, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 sequence dataset). The new species is characterised by semi-immersed to immersed perithecia and fusiform, apiculate and verrucose ascospores. We also review the species diversity of the genus Hypomyces in China.

Keywords: Mycoparasite, species diversity, muti-gene phylogeny

Introduction

Fungicolous fungi are a large and diverse ecological group, currently containing more than 1500 taxa distributed in many lineages across the fungal kingdom (Põldmaa 2011, Sun et al. 2019a). Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. is an important genus of fungicolous fungi and placed in the family Hypocreaceae (Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) (Hyde et al. 2020). Hypomyces was originally introduced as a subgenus of Hypocrea Fr. (Fries 1825) and then Tulasne and Tulasne (1860) revised it to a genus and designated H. lactifluorum (Schwein.) Tul. & C. Tul. from the USA as its type. Hypomyces parasitises the fruiting bodies of Agaricales, Boletales, Helotiales, Pezizales and Polyporales (Rossman et al. 1999, Tamm and Põldmaa 2013, Sun et al. 2019a). Hypomyces is characterised by: superficial or immersed, spherical to ovate, pyriform, papillate and yellow, orange, tawny red or green perithecia in a subiculum; 8-spored, subcylindrical to cylindrical and with a thickened apical asci; and ellipsoid, lanceolate, fusiform to navicular, 0-1-septate or rarely 3-septate, hyaline, spinulose or verrucose and smooth-walled ascospores (Rossman et al. 1999, Zeng and Zhuang 2015). Its allied genera include Cladobotryum Nees, Mycogone Link, Sepedonium Link and Stephanoma Wallr (Wijayawardene et al. 2017) and its asexual morphs are Acremonium-, Dactylaria-, Papulaspora-, Trichothecium- or Verticillium-like (Jaklitsch et al. 2006, Hyde et al. 2020). Hypomyces currently comprises of 147 species in Species Fungorum (http://www.speciesfungorum.org/, accessed in April 2020) and is widely distributed in Australia, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, North America, Sri Lanka, Thailand and UK (Zhuang et al. 2012, Rossman et al. 2013, Zeng and Zhuang 2016, Zare and Gams 2016, Lechat et al. 2017, Wei and Kirschner 2017, Sun et al. 2019a, Sun et al. 2019b, Zeng and Zhuang 2019). Amongst them, 28 species have been reported in China (Table 1).

Table 1.

Species diversity of the genus Hypomyces in China (29 species in total).

Taxa names Hosts Distribution References
Hypomyces amaniticola Amanita sp. China (Yunnan) Zeng and Zhuang 2016
H. aurantius Agaricus bisporus, Polyporales (Cymatoderma sp., Laetiporus sulphureus, Panellus sp., Polyporus picipes), Stereum sp. China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Hainan, Hebei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Sichuan, Zhejiang), New Zealand, USA Chen and Fu 1989, Põldmaa 2011, Luo and Zhuang 2012
H. aureonitens Phlebia tremellosa, Polyporus sp. China (Fujian, Guangxi), Europe Teng 1963, Sun et al. 2019a
H. chlorinigenus Agaricaceae, Boletaceae Belgium, China (Taiwan), Guyana; Indonesia, New Zealand, USA Rogerson and Samuels 1989, Zeng and Zhuang 2016
H. chrysospermus Boletus sp., Hemileccinum impolitum, Suillus americanus, Russula sp. China (Fujian, Jiling, Nanjing), Russia Ma 2008, Luo and Zhuang 2012
H. completiopsis Boletus sp. China (Yunnan) Zeng and Zhuang 2016
H. fistulina Fistulina sp. China (Guangxi) Sun et al. 2019b
H. hubeiensis Agaricus sp. China (Hubei) Zeng and Zhuang 2019
H. hyalinus Agaricales (Amanita sp.), Polyporales Canada, China (Jiangsu), Japan, USA Teng 1934, Teng 1963, Rogerson and Samuels 1994
H. lateritius Lactarius camphoratus, L. chelidonium, L. controversus, L. deliciosus, L. sanguifluus, L. thejogalus, L. trivialis, Lactarius sp. Canada, China (Tibet), Europe, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, USA Rogerson and Samuels 1994, Luo and Zhuang 2012
H. luteovirens Russula atropurpurea, R. rosea, R. sanguinaria, Russula sp. Canada, China (Inner Mongolia), Europe, Japan, Russia, USA Rogerson and Samuels 1994, Ma 2008
H. macrosporus Russulaceae China (Hubei), Mexico, USA Rogerson and Samuels 1994, Luo and Zhuang 2012
H. microspermus Boletaceae, Boletus sp., Imleria badia, Xanthoconium affine, Xerocomellus chrysenteron, Xerocomus sp. Canada, China (Fujian, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Jilin, Taiwan, Yunan), Indonesia, New Zealand, USA Rogerson and Samuels 1989, Zeng and Zhuang 2016
H. mycophilus Auricularia sp., Bulgari sp., Marasmius sp., Polyporus sp., Trametes versicolor China (Guangdong), USA Rogerson and Samuels 1993, Zeng et al. 2017
H. ochraceus Decaying leaves, wood and fungi (e.g. Russula sp.) China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Europe, USA Teng 1963, Sun et al. 2019a
H. orthosporus Polyporales China (Tibet), Estonia, Finland, The Netherlands Põldmaa 1996, Zeng and Zhuang 2019
H. papulasporae Geoglossum difforme, G. fallax, G. glabrum, G. nigritum, G. simile, Glutinoglossum glutinosum, Trichoglossum hirsutum, T. walteri China, USA, New Zealand Rogerson and Samuels 1985, Sun et al. 2019a
H. polyporinus Auricularia auricula-judae, Polyporales, Trametes versicolor, T. pubescens, Polyporus sp. Canada, China (Guangxi), USA Teng 1963, Rogerson and Samuels 1993
H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. Russula sp. China (Yunnan) This study
H. rosellus Agaricus bisporus, Armillaria sp., Hydnellum sp., Hyphoderma sp., Mycena sp., Polyporus sp., Russula sp., Trichaptum sp. China (Gansu), Europe, Iran, Japan, Korea, USA Tamm and Põldmaa 2013, Sun et al. 2019b
H. semicircularis Ganoderma sichuanense, Microporus xanthopus Cuba, China Wei and Kirschner 2017, Sun et al. 2019a
H. sibirinae Aphyllophorales, Boletus sp., Polyporales China (Hunan), Indonesia, USA Samuels et al. 1990, Zeng et al. 2017, Sun et al. 2019a
H. sinicus Schizophyllum sp. China (Anhui) Zhuang et al. 2012
H. stephanomatis Humaria hemisphaerica, Humaria sp. Canada, China (Hubei), Germany, USA Rogerson and Samuels 1985,Zeng and Zhuang 2016
H. subiculosus Polyporaceae (Microporus affinis, Trametes versicolo) China (Anhui, Beijing, Guangxi, Zhejiang), Cuba, Japan Rogerson and Samuels 1993, Luo and Zhuang 2012
H. succineus Pholiota sp. China (Taiwan), USA Rogerson and Samuels 1994, Zeng and Zhuang 2016
H. tegillum Aphyllophorales, Polyporales Brazil, China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Panama, USA Rogerson and Samuels 1993, Luo and Zhuang 2012
H. triseptatus Bark or associated with an ascomycete; Pyrenomycete China (Hunan, Guangdong), Gabon Rossman and Rogersson 1981, Zeng et al. 2017
H. yunnanensis Boletus sp. China (Yunnan) Zeng and Zhuang 2016
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Fungicolous fungi play important roles in the processes of the growths and degradations of their hosts. With the rapid development of mushroom industries, the fungicolous fungi on mushrooms have received more and more attention (Hyde et al. 2019). In this paper, we introduce a new member of fungicolous fungi, Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov., on the fruiting bodies of Russula sp., collected from Yunnan Province, China. At the same time, we review the species diversity of the genus Hypomyces in China.

Materials and methods

Collections and Morphology

Hypomyces specimens, including their host mushrooms, were collected in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Baihualing, Baoshan, Yunnan Province, China. The specimens, as well as collected host mushrooms, were placed on a piece of aluminium foil at first, then rolled the paper into a cylinder, twisted at the ends for sealing and lastly taken back to the laboratory for study (McKnight and McKnight 1997). Colour codes were recorded following those of Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). A Nikon Coolpix P510 camera was used to take photos in the wild. Dried specimens were observed and photographed using an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope and a Nikon ECLIPSE Ni compound microscope fitted with a Canon EOS 600D digital camera. Measurements were made using the Tarosoft® Image Frame Work programme v.0.9.7. The colour change of the perithecial wall was tested using 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH). Type specimens are deposited at the Herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand (MFLU) and the Herbarium of Cryptogams Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China (HKAS).

DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing

The genomic DNA was extracted from the dried materials using the CTAB method (Doyle 1987). Tissues from the ascocarps of parasitic fungi and fruiting bodies of the host mushrooms were used to extract DNA, respectively. Primer pairs ITS1F/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), LR0R/LR5 (Rehner and Samuels 1994, Vilgalys and Hester 1990), TEF1-α 983f/TEF1-α 2218r (Carbone and Kohn 1999, Rehner and Buckley 2005) and RPB2-5f/RPB2-7cR (Liu et al. 1999) were used for amplification of the ITS, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 gene regions.

PCR was performed in a 25 μl reaction volume: 12.5 μl Taq PCR Master Mix (Abmgood, Richmond, BC, Canada), 1 μl forward primer, 1 μl reverse primer, 1 μl DNA template and 9.5 μl ddH2O. For ITS and LSU, PCR reaction conditions are: 8 min at 94ºC, followed by 30 s at 94ºC, 30 s at 52ºC and 1 min at 72ºC for 35 cycles and a final extension of 10 min at 72ºC. PCR reaction conditions of TEF1-α and RPB2 are: 8 min at 94ºC, followed by 1 min at 95ºC, 45 s at 59ºC for RPB2/55ºC for TEF1-α and 1 min at 72ºC for 35 cycles and a final extension of 10 min at 72ºC. The PCR products were detected using agarose gel electrophoresis and, in the gel documentation system, clear bands were observed. Sequencing was performed by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., PR China; partial impure products were purified using the Cycle-pure-kit (Omega, America) and then cloned into pClone007 Simple vector (TSV-007S from Beijing TsingKe Biotech). Twenty clones of PCR products of each gene were sequenced using the universal primer pairs M13-47/M13-48.

Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses

The parasitic fungus: Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov.

Molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using our sequencing results of H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. and the voucher sequences of their allies obtained from NCBI GenBank (Table 2). Two species of Trichoderma, T. hamatum (DAOM 167057) and T. viride (CBS 119325) were used as outgroup taxa. All sequences were assembled and aligned using MAFFT v6.8 (Katoh et al. 2005) and manually edited via BioEdit version 7.0.9 (Hall 1999). Four sequence matrices of ITS, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 genes, respectively, were compiled. The optimal substitution model for each gene dataset was determined using jModelTest2 under the Akaike information criterion (AIC) (Darriba et al. 2012). The results indicated that the GTR+I+G model (-lnL = 8658.2624) is optimal for the ITS dataset, as well as the TIM1+I+G model (-lnL = 4392.5417) for LSU, the TrN+I+G model (-lnL = 5751.4959) for TEF1-α and the model SYM+I+G (-lnL = 6419.6669) for RPB2, respectively. Using the aligned sequence matrices, a combined gene sequence dataset (ITS, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2, orderly) was assembled and aligned and was finally deposited in TreeBASE database (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S26593?x-access-code=152eadfc2292343af7627cfad5c2946c&format=html).

Table 2.

Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers for samples appearing in the Hypomyces phylogenetic tree. Our sequencing results are displayed in bold. (Label T indicate the sequences from ex-type strains.)

Taxa names Specimen/Strain
number 		GenBank accession numbers References
ITS LSU TEF1-α RPB2
Cladobotryum amazonense CBS 470.80 MH861285 MH873051 / / Vu et al. 2019
C. apiculatum CBS 174.56 T NR_159770 MH869109 / / Vu et al. 2019
C. asterophorum CBS 676.77 T FN859395 MH872869 FN868712 FN868649 Põldmaa 2011
C. croceum CBS 231.95 MH862511 MH874154 / / Vu et al. 2019
C. cubitense CBS 416.85 FN859396 / FN868713 FN868650 Põldmaa 2011
G.A. m643.w FN859397 / FN868714 FN868651 Põldmaa 2011
C. indoafrum TFC 201295 FN859403 FN859403 FN868721 FN868657 Põldmaa 2011
C. multiseptatum CBS 472.71 T FN859405 MH871991 FN868723 FN868659 Põldmaa 2011
C. obconicum CBS 528.81 MH861373 MH873126 / / Vu et al. 2019
C. paravirescens TFC 97-23 T FN859406 FN859406 FN868724 FN868660 Põldmaa 2011
C. penicillatum CBS 407.80 T FN859407 MH873046 FN868725 FN868661 Põldmaa 2011
C. protrusum CBS 118999 FN859408 FN859408 FN868726 FN868662 Põldmaa 2011
C. purpureum CBS 154.78 T FN859415 / FN868733 FN868669 Põldmaa 2011
C. rubrobrunnescens CBS 176.92 T FN859416 MH874016 FN868734 FN868670 Põldmaa 2011
Cladobotryum sp. FSU 5046 FN859421 / FN868739 FN868675 Põldmaa 2011
C. stereicola CBS 457.71 T MH860217 MH871984 / / Vu et al. 2019
C. tchimbelense TFC 201146 T FN859419 FN859419 FN868737 FN868673 Põldmaa 2011
C. tenue CBS 152.92 T FN859420 FN859420 FN868738 FN868674 Põldmaa 2011
Hypomyces aconidialis TFC 201334 T FN859457 FN859457 FN868775 FN868711 Põldmaa 2011
TFC 201215 FN859456 FN859456 FN868774 FN868710 Põldmaa 2011
H. albidus CBS 460.71 MH860220 MH871987 / / Vu et al. 2019
H. armeniacus TFC 02-86/2 T FN859424 FN859424 FN868742 FN868678 Põldmaa 2011
H. aurantius TFC 95-171 FN859425 FN859425 FN868743 FN868679 Põldmaa 2011
H. australasiaticus TFC 03-8 T FN859428 FN859428 FN868746 FN868681 Põldmaa 2011
TFC 99-95 FN859427 / FN868745 FN868680 Põldmaa 2011
H. australis TFC 2007-18 AM779860 AM779860 FN868747 / Põldmaa 2011
H. boletiphagus MFLU 17-1391 MH459152 MH459168 / MH464785 Sun et al. 2019b
H. boletus MFLU 17-1392 MH459153 MH459170 / MH464787 Sun et al. 2019b
H. chlorinigenus KSH511 KT946843 / KU041505 KU041493 Otto et al. 2016
KSH512 T KT946844 / KU041506 KU041494 Otto et al. 2016
H. completus KSH411 (S172) KT946842 / KU041504 KU041492 Otto et al. 2016
KSH410 (S171) T KT946841 / KU041503 KU041491 Otto et al. 2016
H. corticiicola CBS 137.71 T MH860037 MH871817 / / Vu et al. 2019
H. dactylarioides CBS 141.78 T FN859429 MH872879 FN868748 FN868683 Põldmaa 2011
H. fistulina HMAS 279800 T MH459154 MH459171 MH464781 / Sun et al. 2019b
H. gabonensis TFC 201156 T FN859430 FN859430 FN868749 FN868684 Põldmaa 2011
H. heterosporus CBS 719.88 T FN859398 MH873844 FN868716 FN868653 Põldmaa 2011
H. khaoyaiensis G.J.S. 01-304 T FN859431 AJ583483 FN868750 FN868685 Põldmaa 2011
H. lactifluorum TAAM 170476 T FN859432 EU710768 FN868751 EU710773 Põldmaa 2011
H. laeticolor JCM 10758 T LC228655 LC228712 / / Sun et al. 2019b
H. luteovirens CBS 128483 MH864958 MH876402 / / Vu et al. 2019
H. mycophilus CBS 175.56 MH857567 MH869110 / / Vu et al. 2019
H. odoratus G.A. m329 FN859434 FN859434 FN868753 FN868688 Põldmaa 2011
TFC 200887 FN859439 / FN868757 FN868693 Põldmaa 2011
H. orthosporus 10736 MK478468 MN044763 MK484609 / Zeng and Zhuang 2019
H. penicillatus NBRC 100524 LC146740 LC146740 / / Sun et al. 2019b
H. pseudolactifluorum sp.nov. MFLU 20-0265 T MT260402 MT260399 MT259361 MT259359 This study
MFLU 20-0266 MT260403 MT260400 MT259362 MT259360 This study
H. polyporinus ATCC 76479 AF543771 AF543793 AF543784 / Currie et al. 2003
H. pseudocorticiicola JCM 12654 T LC228663 LC228721 / / Sun et al. 2019b
H. rosellus TFC 201071 FN859443 FN859443 FN868762 FN868697 Põldmaa 2011
H. samuelsii CBS 536.88 FN859444 / FN868763 FN868698 Põldmaa 2011
TFC 2007-23 FN859451 FN859451 FN868769 FN868705 Põldmaa 2011
H. semicircularis CBS 705.88 T FN859417 MH873843 FN868735 FN868671 Põldmaa 2011
H. semitranslucens CBS 458.71 MH860218 MH871985 / / Vu et al. 2019
CBS 821.70 MH859960 MH871759 / / Vu et al. 2019
H. sibirinae CBS 744.88 MH862151 AJ459304 / / Vu et al. 2019
H. sinicus HMAS 251317 T NR_156252 MN044986 MK484610 / Zhuang et al. 2012
H. stephanomatis G.J.S. 88-50 / AF160243 AF534632 AF545566 Põldmaa et al. 2000
H. subiculosus TFC 97.166 FN859452 / FN868770 FN868706 Põldmaa 2011
H. tubariicola CBS 115.79 T KU382164 MH872953 / / Vu et al. 2019
CBS 225.84 KU382162 KU382220 / / Zare and Gams 2016
H. virescens G.A. i1906 T FN859454 / FN868772 FN868708 Põldmaa 2011
G.A. i1899 FN859453 / FN868771 FN868707 Põldmaa 2011
Sepedonium ampullosporum CBS 392.52 T MH857094 MH868629 / / Vu et al. 2019
S. chalcipori CBS 278.92 MH862358 MH874023 / / Vu et al. 2019
CBS 148.92 T MH862347 MH874014 / / Vu et al. 2019
S. tulasneanum CBS 940.69 MH859489 MH871270 / / Vu et al. 2019
Trichoderma hamatum DAOM 167057 T EU280124 HM466686 AF534620 AF545548 Hoyos-Carvajal et al. 2009
T. viride CBS 119325 T DQ677655 / DQ672615 EU711362 Jaklitsch et al. 2006
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Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis was performed using IQ-Tree (Nguyen et al. 2014, Chernomor et al. 2016) with the computing models listed above and a bootstrap test of 1000 replicates. Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis was carried out using MrBayes v3.2.6 (Ronquist et al. 2012). The TIM1 and TrN substitution models were replaced by the GTR model (Huelsenbeck and Rannala 2004). Four simultaneous Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chains were run for random trees of 10,000,000 generations and were sampled by every 100 generations. The computing was stopped when the standard deviation of the split frequencies fell below 0.01 and ESS values > 200. Subsequently, phylogenetic trees were summarised and posterior probabilities (PP) were performed using MCMC by discarding the first 25% generations as “burn-in” (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). Gaps were treated as missing data. Phylogenetic trees were viewed in FigTree v.1.4.2 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree).

The host mushroom: Russula sp.

Voucher sequences (ITS gene) for phylogenetic analyses of the host mushroom and its allies were obtained from our sequencing results and GenBank databases (Li et al. 2020) (Table 3). Five species of Russula subg. Compactae, R. acrifolia, R. adusta, R. eccentrica, R. nigricans and R. subnigricans were selected as the outgroup taxa. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses followed those of the parasitic fungus above. ML analysis was performed using IQ-Tree with TVM+I+G model (-lnL = 5298.7964) (Nguyen et al. 2014, Chernomor et al. 2016). The ITS sequence matrix of the host mushroom and its allies were deposited in the TreeBASE database (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S26693?x-access-code=2e445b17aebe1f93266051a8920ae62f&format=html).

Table 3.

Voucher information and GenBank accession numbers for samples appearing in the Russula phylogenetic tree. Our sequencing results are displayed in bold.

Taxa names Specimen/Strain number GenBank accession References
Russula acrifolia TUB UE12.09.2003-3 DQ421998 Eberhardt 2002
R. adusta PC 547RUS27 AY061652 Miller and Buyck 2002
R. aff. chloroides FH 12273 KT934015 Looney et al. 2016
R. brevipes SMI329 FJ845429 Kranabetter et al. 2009
R. brevipes JS160927-01 MG407682 GenBank
R. brevipes TENN 070667 KY848511 Looney et al. 2018
R. brevipes var. acrior JMP 0058 EU819422 Palmer et al. 2008
R. byssina HGAS-MF 009907 MN648951 Li et al. 2020
R. byssina HGAS-MF009921 MN648949 Li et al. 2020
R. byssina HGAS-MF 009913 MN648950 Li et al. 2020
R. cascadensis UBC F30189 KX812838 Bazzicalupo 2018
R. cascadensis UBC F19691 HM240541 Buyck et al. 2017
R. cf. angustispora PC BB2004-252 EU598152 GenBank
R. cf. brevipes F 28785 MH718203 GenBank
R. cf. brevipes F CDW47 GQ166868 GenBank
R. cf. brevipes GO 2009-276 KC152212 GenBank
R. cf. delica UBC F30260 KX812852 Bazzicalupo 2018
R. chloroides PC 205RUS24 AY061663 Miller and Buyck 2002
R. chloroides UBC F20353 KC581331 GenBank
R. chloroides RUS-12091401 KF432954 Wisitrassameewong et al. 2014
R. cremicolor HGAS-MF 009901 MN648955 Li et al. 2020
R. cremicolor HGAS-MF 009908 MN648952 Li et al. 2020
R. cremicolor HGAS-MF 009912 MN648953 Li et al. 2020
R. cremicolor HGAS-MF 009919 MN648954 Li et al. 2020
R. delica hue22 (TUB) AF418605 Eberhardt 2002
R. delica FH 12-272 KF432955 Wisitrassameewong et al. 2014
R. delica HA 2015-004 KX263000 Aghajani et al. 2017
R. delica PC 496RUS26 AY061671 Miller and Buyck 2002
R. delica TUB hue22 AF418605 Eberhardt 2002
R. delica UBC F30263 KX812842 Bazzicalupo 2018
R. delica RMUKK 37 KX267630 GenBank
R. delica KA 12-1327 KR673555 Kim et al. 2015
R. delica HMJAU 32182 KX094989 Liu et al. 2017
R. eccentrica HCCN 23685 KC699778 Park et al. 2014
R. japonica MHHNU 31049 MK167414 Chen and Zhang 2019
R. japonica HGAS-MF 009923 MN648957 Li et al. 2020
R. japonica HGAS-MF 009915 MN648956 Li et al. 2020
R. leucocarpa HGAS-MF 009910 MN648948 Li et al. 2020
R. leucocarpa HGAS-MF 009916 MN648947 Li et al. 2020
R. littoralis PC 1222IS87 AY061702 Miller and Buyck 2002
R. marangania MEL 2293694 EU019930 Lebel and Tonkin 2007
R. nigricans TUB fo46761 AF418607 Eberhardt 2002
R. pallidospora PC 2-1221IS85 AY061701 Miller and Buyck 2002
R. pumicoidea MEL T-14771 EU019931 Lebel and Tonkin 2007
R. sinuata MEL H4755 EU019943 Lebel and Tonkin 2007
R. subnigricans MHHNU ZP6932 EF534351 Yin et al. 2008
R. vesicatoria PC 0124666 KY800359 Buyck et al. 2017
Russula sp. MFLU 20-0265 (host) MT755627 In this study
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Taxon treatments

Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum

F. M. Yu, Q. Zhao & K. D. Hyde sp. nov.

1119A7CE-9897-55CC-94D7-5CF3C180F567

Materials

  1. Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: MFLU 20-0265; recordedBy: Jian-Wei Liu; lifeStage: Telemorph; Taxon: scientificName: Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Yunnan; locality: Baoshan, Longyang, Baihualing; verbatimElevation: 2094m; locationRemarks: label transliteration: "Yunnan, Baoshan, Longyang, Baihualing, on Russula sp., 20 July 2018, Jian-Wei Liu; [云南保山百花岭 2094 m, 2018.07.20, 刘建伟]; verbatimCoordinates: 25°17.931’N, 98°47.0718’E; decimalLatitude: 25.2989; decimalLongitude: 98.7845; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Feng-Ming Yu; dateIdentified: 2019

  2. Type status: Paratype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: MFLU 20-0266; recordedBy: Jian-Wei Liu; lifeStage: Telemorph; Taxon: scientificName: Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Yunnan; locality: Baoshan, Longyang, Baihualing; verbatimElevation: 2094m; locationRemarks: label transliteration: "Yunnan, Baoshan, Longyang, Baihualing, on Russula sp., 20 July 2018, Jian-Wei Liu; [云南保山百花岭 2094 m, 2018.07.20, 刘建伟]; verbatimCoordinates: 25°17.931’N, 98°47.0718’E; decimalLatitude: 25.2989; decimalLongitude: 98.7845; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Feng-Ming Yu; dateIdentified: 2019

  3. Type status: Isotype. Occurrence: catalogNumber: HKAS 107300; recordedBy: Jian-Wei Liu; lifeStage: Telemorph; Taxon: scientificName: Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Yunnan; locality: Baoshan, Longyang, Baihualing; verbatimElevation: 2094m; locationRemarks: label transliteration: "Yunnan, Baoshan, Longyang, Baihualing, on Russula sp., 20 July 2018, Jian-Wei Liu; [云南保山百花岭 2094 m, 2018.07.20, 刘建伟]; verbatimCoordinates: 25°17.931’N, 98°47.0718’E; decimalLatitude: 25.2989; decimalLongitude: 98.7845; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Feng-Ming Yu; dateIdentified: 2019

Description

Index Fungorum number: IF557817

Sexual morph. Subiculum light yellow (4A4–5) when fresh and pale orange, light orange to brownish-orange (5A3–4, 5C4, 6C6) after being dried, usually covering the pileus, stipe and deformed gills of the host mushroom. Perithecia aggregated, semi-immersed to immersed in subiculum, except for their erumpent papilla, yellowish-brown to dark brown (5E6, 6E6, 6F6–8), pyriform to subglobose, 262–484 × 136–284 μm; perithecial wall 12–25 μm thick, single-layer, cells 9–22 × 4–8 μm. Papilla prominent, 129–177 μm high, at base 135–284 μm wide. Asci 8-spored, cylindrical, 147–222 × 4–9 μm; apex thickened, 4.9–6.0 wide and 2.5-3.0 μm high. Ascospores uniseriate and with ends overlapping, fusiform, 30–38 × 6–8 μm, single-septate, septum median and with dense verrucae and prominently apiculate, apiculi 4.5–8.0 μm long, straight or curved. Asexual morph: unknown. (Fig. 1)

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov.. a: The host mushroom (Russula sp.); b-e: Perithecia embedded in subiculum effused over the substratum; d-e: Median sections of an ascoma; f: Section of peridium; g-l: Asci with ascospores; m-t: Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 5 cm; b = 1 mm; c = 200 μm; d, e = 100 μm; f, g= 50 μm; h - l = 20 μm; m - t = 10 μm.

Diagnosis

The new species is similar to Hypomyces lactifluorum on Russula and Lactarius spp. from North America (Rogerson and Samuels 1994), but has smaller perithecia and shorter asci. The main differences of the two species are compared in Table 4.

Table 4.

Main differences between Hypomyces lactifluorum and H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov..

H. lactifluorum
(Rogerson and Samuels 1994)		 H. pseudolactifluorum
Subiculum Pale yellowish-orange to bright orange (young), in age becoming deep red, reddish-purple to very dark purple (old), occasionally fading to pink, turning purple in 3% KOH. Light yellow (4A4–5) when fresh, and pale orange to light orange to brownish-orange (5A3–4, 5C4, 6C6) after being dried, KOH (-).
Perithecia Ovate to obpyriform, deep orange to reddish-purple, 400–600 × 200–450 μm Pyriform to subglobose, yellowish-brown to dark brown (5E6, 6E6, 6F6–8), 262–484 × 136–284 μm
Embedded type Immersed except for papilla Semi-immersed to immersed except for papilla
Papilla Averaging 120 μm high, 120 μm wide 129–177 μm high and 135 –284 μm wide at base
Asci Long cylindrical, 200–260 × 5–10 μm Cylindrical, 147–222 × 4–8.5 μm
Ascospores Fusiform, 1-septate, 35–40 × 4.5–7 μm Fusiform, 1-septate, 30–38 × 5.5–8 μm
Apiculi 4.5–7.5 μm long 4–6 μm long
Hosts Russula and Lactarius spp. Russula sp.
Distribution North America P.R. China (Yunnan)
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Etymology

Referring to the most closely-related species, Hypomyces lactifluorum.

Distribution

PR CHINA (Yunnan).

Host

On the fruiting bodies of Russula sp. that grew on the humus layer in an evergreen broad-leaved forest of a rainforest. The host mushrooms: basidiocarps medium-sized and infundibuliform, pilei 63−77 mm in diameter. As serious degradation has occurred, the colour and other characters of the host mushrooms cannot be determined. Molecular phylogenetic evidence indicates it is a Russula species.

Notes

Only sexual morph had been discovered on the hosts (Russula sp.) of the new species.

Analysis

Phylogenetic analyses

Parasitic fungus: Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov

The combined ITS+LSU+TEF1-α+RPB2 sequence dataset (excluding the outgroup taxa) contains 3,262 characters (709 for ITS, 893 for LSU, 921 for TEF1-α and 739 for RPB2) from 56 Hypomyces species and two Trichoderma species. Amongst them, 2,246 characters are constant, 209 variable characters are parsimony-uninformative and 807 characters are parsimony-informative. The ML and BI analyses resulted in trees with similar topology and support values and the ML tree is shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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ML tree of Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. and its allies generated from a combined ITS, LSU,TEF1-α and RPB2 gene sequence dataset. Supporting values of MLBP (left, greater than 75%) and BIBP (right, greater than 0.9) are shown at the nodes, respectively. The new species is marked in red.

In the phylogenetic tree, the parasitic fungi MFLU 20-0265 and MFLU 20-0266 are clustered together and formed a distinct lineage with the same branch length and strong supportive values (MLBP = 100%, BIPP = 1), which support them to be conspecific. The parasitic fungi are closely related H. lactifluorum and they form a sister clade also with strong supportive values (MLBP = 100%, BIPP = 1). Comparing the gene sequences of the two species, there are 25 bp (4.3%) differences across 582 bp in ITS, 28 bp (3.2%) differences across 870 bp in LSU, 24 bp (2.6%) differences across 921 bp in TEF1-α and 24 bp (3.2%) differences across 739 bp in RPB2 (Suppl. material 1). Following the recommendations from Jeewon and Hyde (2016), we assign the parasitic fungi as H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov.

The host mushroom: Russula sp.

According to the ITS phylogenetic tree of the host mushroom and its allies, the host mushroom (MFLU 20-0265) is clustered together with Russula leucocarpa (HGAS-MF 009910 and HGAS-MF 009916) (MLBP = 100%) in subsect. Lactarioideae. However, their ITS sequences have 24 bp (3.5%) differences across 694 bp, which indicated they may be two distinct species. Due to lack of sufficient morphological evidence, the host mushroom was temporarily identified as Russula sp. (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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ML tree of Russula sp. (in red) and it allies inferred from the ITS sequence dataset. Five species of Russula subg. Compactae were used as the outgroup taxa. Supporting values of MLBP (greater than 75%) are shown at the nodes.

Discussion

Zeng and Zhuang (2016) described H. amaniticola on Amanita sp. and H. completiopsis and H. yunnanensis on Boletus sp., also from China. Though with similar colour and shapes of perithecia, the host of H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. is decidedly different from those of these three species. Furthermore, H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. (KOH-) has smaller perithecia and larger ascospores than those of H. completiopsis (KOH+) and H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. has larger perithecia, asci and ascospores than those of H. amaniticola (KOH+) and H. yunnanensis (KOH-). Unfortunately, these three species all lack molecular data.

With the rapid development of mushroom industries, fungal pathogens on mushrooms have received more and more attention (Hyde et al. 2019). The fungicolous fungi Hypomyces is an important group of mushroom pathogens. Many Hypomyces species, for example, H. aurantius, H. perniciosus, H. rosellus, H. odoratus etc., have all been recorded as the causes of Cobweb or Web bubble disease which seriously influence mushroom industries (Fletcher and Gaze 2007, Carrasco et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2017). Russula is the largest subgenus in agaric with approximately 800 species (Li et al. 2020) and many Russula species are important edible mushrooms. Since growing on Russula sp., H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov., as well as H. lactifluorum from North America (Rogerson and Samuels 1994), could be one of the potential pathogens of some Russula species in Asia.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary material 1

Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae) on Russula sp. from Yunnan, PR China

FENG-MING YU, RUVISHIKA S. JAYAWARDENA, JIAN-WEI LIU, KEVIN D. HYDE, QI ZHAO

Data type

word

Brief description

Sequence differences of ITS, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 genes between H. lactifluorum (TAAM 170476) and H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov.. The locus’ numbers refer to the nucleotide positions of the gene sequences of H. lactifluorum from GenBank. Gap is replaced by ‘-’.

File: oo_438866.docx

bdj-08-e53490-s001.docx (20.4KB, docx)
XML Treatment for Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum
BDJ.8.e53490-treatment1.xml (21KB, xml)

Acknowledgements

The research is supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Program (Grant No. 2019QZKK0503); the Open Research Project of “Cross-Cooperative Team” of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. 292019312511043); Science and Technology Service Network Initiative of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STS-QYZD-171); the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, PR China (2019HJ2096001006) and Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion (Grant No. RDG6130001).

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary material 1

Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae) on Russula sp. from Yunnan, PR China

FENG-MING YU, RUVISHIKA S. JAYAWARDENA, JIAN-WEI LIU, KEVIN D. HYDE, QI ZHAO

Data type

word

Brief description

Sequence differences of ITS, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 genes between H. lactifluorum (TAAM 170476) and H. pseudolactifluorum sp. nov.. The locus’ numbers refer to the nucleotide positions of the gene sequences of H. lactifluorum from GenBank. Gap is replaced by ‘-’.

File: oo_438866.docx

bdj-08-e53490-s001.docx (20.4KB, docx)
XML Treatment for Hypomyces pseudolactifluorum
BDJ.8.e53490-treatment1.xml (21KB, xml)

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