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. 2020 Oct 6;16:22. doi: 10.1186/s13005-020-00237-z

Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children’s worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mohsen Kazeminia 1, Alireza Abdi 1, Shamarina Shohaimi 2, Rostam Jalali 1, Aliakbar Vaisi-Raygani 1, Nader Salari 3,✉, Masoud Mohammadi 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7541284  PMID: 33023617

Abstract

Background

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period. Various studies have reported different types of prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children worldwide. However, there has been no comprehensive study to summarize the results of these studies in general, so this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world during a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

In this review study, articles were extracted by searching in the national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between 1995 and December 2019. Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by using the I2 index. Data were analyzed by using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software.

Findings

In this study, a total of 164 articles (81 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 83 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth) were entered the meta-analysis. The prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 80,405 was 46.2% (95% CI: 41.6–50.8%), and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 1,454,871 was 53.8% (95% CI: 50–57.5%). Regarding the heterogeneity on the basis of meta-regression analysis, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world. With increasing the sample size and the year of study, dental caries in primary teeth increased and in permanent teeth decreased.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that the prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children in the world was found to be high. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be implemented to improve the aforementioned situation and to troubleshoot and monitor at all levels by providing feedback to hospitals.

Keywords: Caries, Tooth, Primary and permanent, Prevalence, Meta-analysis

Background

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period [1] which can lead to pain, infection, interference with eating, increased risk of new dental caries in primary and permanent teeth, and, ultimately, worse effects on the eruption of permanent teeth [2]. These manifestations can range from demineralization to loss of tooth structure or complete destruction of the crown, a process of dynamic and active decay characterized by various periods of destruction and repair [3].

According to the American Academy of Dentistry, early childhood caries (ECC) is defined as “the presence of 1 or more decayed (non-cavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth” in children [1]. Overall, 50% of children have one or more decayed primary teeth by the end of toddler age, but the importance of these teeth should not be overlooked, because, as has been said, healthy teeth in childhood have an important role in the eruption of healthy permanent teeth, healthy nutrition, and one’s aesthetic appearance [2, 3]. Factors such as malnutrition, genetic predisposition, poor health performance, specific eating habits, the presence of organisms affecting tooth decay such as streptococci, and fluoride and vitamin D deficiency, excessive sugar consumption and prolonged bottle-feeding, and other factors such as age, gender and place of residence of children are effective in causing tooth decay [4].

The World Health Organization (WHO) has represented the early childhood caries as a worldwide problem with a prevalence of between 60 and 90% [5]. According to the statistics provided by the European countries, 61% of children aged 6 to 12 years have at least one decayed tooth, and due to widespread dental caries in all social classes, this disease can impose a great financial burden on the society [6]. In Iran the mean decay-missing-filled (DMF) index of primary teeth in children aged 3 to 6 years was 1.7 and DMF index of permanent teeth was reported to be 0.2 in 6- to 9-year-old children, 0.9 to 1.5 in 12-year-old children, and 3.3 to 4.8 in 9-year-old children [7]. The decay-missing-filled (DMF) index is used as an appropriate measure for the detection of dental caries in the society in which 12-year-old children are considered as a target group [8].

Primary teeth begin to erupt in infants’ mouths at about 6 months of age, and are completed at age 3 to 5, including 10 teeth in the maxilla and 10 in the mandible to meet nutritional needs in infancy [6]. Since primary teeth are the basis of permanent teeth, on the one hand, and they have a high susceptibility to caries, on the other hand, these teeth are very important and maintaining their health is considered a serious health concern for children [3, 9].

Due to the influence of different factors on the prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children and lack of general statistics about this issue worldwide, we decided to review the studies in this area and to statistically analyze the results of these studies to compile a general statistics on the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world to open a window to more precise planning to reduce the complications of primary and permanent dental caries in children.

Methods

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children was evaluated based on studies conducted between 1995 and December 2019. To this end, articles published in the national databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, and IranDoc, and in the international databases of Google scholar, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) were searched by using Persian and English keywords such as Prevalence, Caries, Rampant caries, Milky tooth, Permanent tooth and Children.

Selection of studies

Initially, all articles referring to the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in the world were collected by the researchers and accepted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were observational (non-interventional) studies and their full text availability. For more information, the sources of the articles reviewed were also reviewed for access to other articles.

Exclusion criteria included irrelevant cases, case reports, interventional studies and other review, case-control, cohort, duplication of studies, unclear methodology, and full text unavailability. In order to reduce bias, the articles were searched independently by two researchers, and if they disagreed on a study, the article was reviewed by the group supervisor (blinded about the decision by the first two independent researchers’ decision). A total of 180 studies entered the third stage, quality assessment.

Duplicate publication and multiple publications from the same population will be removed using citation management, software EndNote (version X7, for Windows, Thomson Reuters).

Quality assessment of studies

The quality of the articles was first evaluated on the basis of selected and related items of the 22- item STROBE checklist that could be evaluated in this study (study design, background and literature review, place and time of study, outcome, inclusion criteria, sample size, and statistical analysis) and also mentioned in the previous studies. Articles referring to 6 to 7 criteria were considered as high quality articles, articles that did not mention 2 items and more than 2 items from the seven items were considered as medium and low methodological quality articles, respectively [10]. In the present study, 164 articles with high quality and medium quality were entered the systematic review and meta-analysis, and 16 articles were of poor quality and were excluded.

Data extraction

All final articles entered into the meta-analysis process were prepared to be extracted by a pre-prepared checklist. The checklist included article title, first author’s name, year of publication, place of study, sample size, mean age of sample, prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth.

Statistical analysis

Since prevalence has binomial distribution, prevalence variance was calculated using the binomial distribution variance formula, and weighted mean was used to combine the prevalence rate of different studies. In order to evaluate the heterogeneity of the selected studies, I2 test was used (heterogeneity was divided into three classes of less than 25% (low heterogeneity), 25–75% (moderate heterogeneity) and more than 75% (high heterogeneity). Meta-regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of dental caries with the sample size and the year of study. In order to evaluate the publication error with respect to the large sample size of studies entered the review, the Begg and Mazumdar test at the significant level of 0.1 and its corresponding Funnel plot were used. Sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate the effect of individual studies on the final result. Data were analyzed by using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software.

Results

In this study, all studies conducted on the prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children in the world were systematically investigated without time limitation based on the PRISMA guidelines. In the initial search, 2870 articles were identified, form which 164 studies published between 1995 and December 2019 were eventually entered the final analysis (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Flow diagram of study selection

The total sample size for the prevalence of primary dental caries was 80,405 and for the prevalence of permanent dental caries was 1,454,871, given with the mean age of the subjects in each study. The specifications of the selected articles are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1.

Characteristic of included studies prevalence of tooth decay

Author, year, Reference Age (years) Country Sample size Prevalence % Quality
Kalantari, 2014, [11] 6–7 Iran 400 63.5 High
Abedini, 2013, [12] 2–6 Iran 310 48.7 High
Hematyar, 2009, [13] 3–7 Iran 200 63.5 High
Nabipour, 2013, [14] 3–6 Iran 838 71.8 High
Pahlavani, 2008, [15] 2–6 Iran 414 61.6 High
Amiri, 2017, [16] 4–6 Iran 359 87.7 High
Ajami, 2005, [17] 6–7 Iran 1938 76.5 High
Javadinezhad, 2008, [18] 40.5 Month Iran 100 77.0 High
Karimi, 2012, [19] 2–5 Iran 211 82.9 High
Amanlou, 2011, [20] 3–6 Iran 205 49.3 High
Toutouni, 2015, [21] 2–3 Iran 239 61.1 High
Bagherian, 2013, [22] 2–5 Iran 400 51.3 Medium
Mohebbi, 2006, [23] 1–3 Iran 504 32.9 High
Ramos-Gomez, 1995, [24] <6 USA 220 30.0 High
Rosenblatt, 2002, [25] 1–3 USA 468 28.4 High
Rajab, 2001, [26] 1–5 Jordan 384 47.9 High
Douglass, 1999, [27] 3–4 USA 517 37.9 High
Hallett, 1998, [28] 4–6 Australia 3375 37.6 High
Sayegh, 2002, [29] 4–5 Jordan 1140 67.0 Medium
Hallett, 2003, [30] 4–5 Australia 2474 37.6 High
Peressini, 2000, [31] 3–5 Canada 87 19.5 High
Chadwick, 2005, [32] 2–5 UK 449 24.1 High
Schroth, 2015, [33] <6 Canada 408 53.7 High
Tsai, 1997, [34] <6 Taiwan 951 55.9 Medium
Mahejabeen, 2006, [35] 3–5 India 1500 54.1 Medium
Du, 2002, [36] 3–5 China 2014 55.3 High
Ferro, 2005, [37] 3–5 Italy 4198 25.0 High
Schroth, 2004, [38] 1–5 USA 834 71.0 Medium
Wyne, 2008, [39] 3–5 Saludi Arabia 789 74.8 High
Lawrence, 2004, [40] 1–5 Canada 1275 72.7 High
Vazquez-Nava, 2005, [41] 4–5 Mexico 1160 17.9 High
Jigjid, 2005, [42] 1–5 Japan 670 71.9 High
Senesombath, 2010, [43] 36–47 Month Thailand 400 82.0 Medium
Slabsinskiene, 2003, [44] 3 Lithuania 950 50.6 High
Zhou, 2010, [45] 32 Month China 155 28.4 High
Rajshekar, 2005, [46] 1–6 India 500 43.4 Medium
Ozer, 2011, [47] 3–6 Turkey 226 49.6 High
Li, 2011, [48] 36–70 Month China 1523 56.8 High
Kumarihamy, 2011, [49] 1–2 Sri Lanka 410 32.2 High
Prakash, 2012, [50] 8–48 Month India 1500 27.5 Medium
Singh, 2012, [51] 36–60 Month India 717 40.0 High
Perera, 2010, [52] 24–71 Month Sri Lanka 410 32.2 Medium
Phipps, 2011, [53] 12–71 Month India 8461 62.3 High
Parisotto, 2012, [54] 36–59 Month Brazil 351 39.9 High
Zhang, 2012, [55] 5 China 723 84.9 High
Tanaka, 2007, [56] 3 Japan 2055 20.7 Medium
Colombo, 2019, [57] 48–71 Month Italy 2522 38.0 Medium
Agouropoulos-1, 2019, [58] <7 USA 175 92.6 High
Agouropoulos-2, 2019, [58] <7 USA 175 53.7 High
Agouropoulos-3, 2019, [58] <7 USA 175 36.0 High
Musinguzi, 2019, [59] 3–5 Kenya 432 48.1 High
Montes, 2019, [60] 5–7 Brazil 415 42.9 Medium
Boustedt, 2019, [61] 5 Sweden 336 13.1 High
Tonpe-1, 2019, [62] 3–5 India 358 2.8 High
Tonpe-2, 2019, [62] 3–5 India 358 4.2 High
Wang, 2019, [63] 6 China 4936 87.7 High
Nomura, 2019, [64] 5–6 Myanmar 187 81.3 Medium
Wu, 2019, [65] 5–6 China 1350 51.4 High
Abbass, 2019, [66] 5–6 Egypt 369 4.3 Medium
Goenka, 2018, [67] 5–7 India 312 65.1 High
Chugh, 2018, [68] 24–61 Month India 425 47.3 High
Vandana, 2018, [69] 2–6 India 550 38.2 High
Igic, 2018, [70] 3–6 Serbia 250 38.4 High
Kato, 2017, [71] 3 Japan 6315 36.0 High
Li, 2017, [72] 3–5 China 1727 78.2 High
Mangla, 2017, [73] 1–3 India 510 21.0 High
Owen, 2017, [74] 3–5 Australia 623 14.1 High
Pal, 2017, [75] 5–6 India 408 46.6 High
Wagne, 2017, [76] 6.7 Germany 512 1.8 High
Shah, 2017, [77] 5–7 India 829 33.2 Medium
Yuan, 2017, [78] 3 China 959 28.1 High
Jiang, 2017, [79] 2–5 China 1509 71.4 High
Massignan, 2016, [80] 3.7 Brazil 565 39.1 High
Koya, 2016, [81] 24–71 Month India 1897 42.0 High
Mothupi, 2016, [82] 4.8 Africa 495 48.9 High
Alkhtib, 2016, [83] 4–5 Qatari 250 89.2 High
Henry, 2016, [84] <3 India 1486 40.6 High
Šačić, 2016, [85] 3–5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 165 17.0 Medium
Al-Meedani, 2016, [86] 3–5 Saludi Arabia 388 69.1 High
Elidrissi, 2016, [87] 3–5 Sudan 553 52.4 Medium
Gopal, 2016, [88] 3–6 India 477 27.3 High
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Table 2.

Characteristic of included studies Prevalence of permanent dental caries

Author, year, Reference Age (years) Country Sample size Prevalence % Quality
Aghighi, 2010, [89] 6–15 Iran 4666 66.3 High
Mortazavi, 1997, [90] 6–9 Iran 220 65.5 High
Asdagh, 2015, [91] 6–12 Iran 847 79.7 Medium
Memar, 1999, [92] 12 Iran 439 84.3 High
Javadi nejad, 2006, [93] 12 Iran 340 82.1 High
Sadeghi, 2007, [94] 12 Iran 563 68.6 High
Yousofi, 2015, [95] 7–12 Iran 460 89.8 High
Eskandarizadeh, 2015, [96] 6–12 Iran 15,369 79.5 High
Mossaheb, 2011, [97] 6–11 Iran 203 82.3 High
Qin, 2019, [98] 10–12 China 5057 39.2 High
Alshehhi, 2019, [99] 8.1 United Arab Emirates 62 58.1 High
Cheng, 2019, [100] 10.3 China 1,196,004 41.1 High
Villanueva-Gutiérrez, 2019, [101] 9 Spain 686 35.4 High
Lešić, 2019, [102] 6–15 Croatia 1589 50.0 High
Mohd Nor, 2019, [103] 12 Malaysia 595 74.3 High
Vanvitelli, 2019, [104] 8–10 Italy 530 29.1 Medium
Obregón-Rodríguez-1, 2019, [105] 12 Spain 1045 25.5 High
Obregón-Rodríguez-2, 2019, [105] 15 Spain 783 26.2 High
Mimoza, 2019, [106] 7–10 Italy 398 28.4 Medium
Abbass, 2019, [66] 6–12 Egypt 369 27.9 High
Aldossary, 2018, [107] 6–9 Saudi Arabia 1844 95.0 High
Goenka, 2018, [67] 8–10 India 353 56.7 High
Ballouk, 2019, [108] 8–12 Syria 1500 79.1 High
Alhabdan, 2018, [109] 6–8 Saudi Arabia 578 82.9 High
Konde, 2018, [110] 12 India 1000 13.6 High
Solis-Riggioni, 2018, [111] 8–15 Costa Rica 201 35.8 High
Musa, 2018, [112] 7–11 China 24,521 32.4 High
Dutra, 2018, [113] 8–12 Brazil 1211 32.4 High
Al-Akwa, 2018, [114] 6–12 Yemen 17,599 67.6 Medium
Cruz, 2018, [115] 11–12 Brazil 184 34.2 High
Andegiorgish, 2017, [116] 12 Eritrea 225 77.8 High
Alwayli, 2017, [117] 6–9 Saudi Arabia 17,891 64.6 High
Dobbiani-1, 2012, [118] 10 Italy 400 44.0 Medium
Dobbiani-2, 2013, [118] 10 Italy 400 18.5 Medium
Maran, 2017, [119] 6–12 India 1204 73.2 High
Shah, 2017, [77] 12–15 India 829 31.4 High
Kim, 2017, [120] 6–11 Korea 514 49.4 High
Sköld, 2016, [121] 13 Sweden 758 2.6 High
Plaka, 2017, [122] 12–15 India 193 36.3 High
Hiremath, 2016, [123] 6–11 India 13,200 78.9 High
Kottayi, 2016, [124] 12–15 India 2000 3.9 Medium
Ponnudurai, 2016, [125] 6–14 India 2796 68.8 High
Djossou, 2013, [126] 6–15 Benin 497 49.7 High
Weusmann, 2015, [127] 8 Germany 25,020 60.9 High
Goel-1, 2015, [128] 12 India 992 34.3 Medium
Goel-2, 2015, [128] 15 India 992 46.5 High
Farooqi, 2014, [129] 6–9 Saudi Arabia 711 73.0 High
Arora, 2014, [130] 12 India 100 57.0 High
Sukhabogi-1, 2014, [131] 12 India 924 39.9 Medium
Sukhabogi-2, 2014, [131] 15- India 951 46.7 Medium
Al-Darwish, 2014, [132] 12–14 Qatar 2113 85.0 High
Aidara, 2014, [133] 12–15 Senegal 677 96.0 High
Ingle, 2014, [134] 12–15 India 1400 53.0 Medium
Sofola, 2000, [135] 6–12 Nigeria 513 16.6 High
Das, 2013, [136] 6–14 West Bengal 1764 28.1 High
Mahfouz-1, 2013, [137] 12 Palestine 677 40.6 High
Mahfouz-2, 2013, [137] 13 Palestine 677 41.8 High
Mahfouz-3, 2013, [137] 14 Palestine 677 60.4 High
Riziwaguli, 2013, [138] 7–9 China 1600 26.5 Medium
Joshi, 2013, [139] 6–12 India 1600 69.1 Medium
Pieper, 2009, [140] 12 Germany 30,943 72.7 High
Yengopal, 2012, [141] 10.5 Africa 882 27.6 High
Murthy, 2014, [142] 12–15 India 1452 57.9 High
Koposova, 2013, [143] 12 Russia 590 68.0 High
Dixit, 2013, [144] 12–13 Nepal 361 41.0 Medium
Suprabha, 2013, [145] 11–13 India 857 59.4 High
Panagidis, 2012, [146] 12 Germany 951 32.6 High
Shailee-1, 2012, [147] 12 India 1011 32.6 Medium
Shailee-2, 2012, [147] 15 India 1011 42.2 High
Lagana, 2012, [148] 7–15 Albanian 2617 88.9 Medium
Subedi, 2011, [148] 12–13 Nepal 325 53.2 Medium
Shekar, 2011, [149] 12–15 India 474 56.3 High
Oulis-1, 2010, [150] 12 Greece 1224 80.0 High
Oulis-2, 2010, [150] 15 Greece 1257 83.0 High
Jamelli, 2010, [151] 12 Brazil 689 71.8 High
Kanagaratnam, 2009, [152] 9 New Zealand 612 54.9 High
Bissar, 2008, [153] 11–14 Germany 570 42.3 High
Ferro, 2007, [154] 12 Italy 260 56.9 High
Moreira, 2006, [155] 12–15 Brazil 1665 50.9 High
Schulte, 2004, [156] 12 Germany 43,950 39.3 High
Paredes, 2005, [157] 6–10 Spain 600 47.2 High
Mestriner, 2005, [158] 12 Brazil 256 53.9 High
Traebert, 2002, [159] 12 Brazil 803 62.1 High
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Heterogeneity and publication bias

Based on the results of the heterogeneity evaluation test (I2), the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth was reported to be I2: 99.2 and I2: 99.8, respectively. Due to the heterogeneity of the selected studies, a random effects model was used to combine the studies and jointly estimate the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth. The probability of publication bias was evaluated by the Funnel plot and the Begg and Mazumdar tests at a significant level of 0.1 (Figs. 2 and 3), indicating that the publication bias was not statistically significant in the investigation of the prevalence of primary dental caries (P = 0.590) and permanent dental caries (P = 0.145).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Funnel plot of the results of the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Funnel plot of the results of the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children

Meta-analysis (primary dental caries)

According to the results of the study in forest plot, the overall prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world was 46.2% (95% CI: 41.6–50.8%) (Fig. 4). The middle point of each line shows the prevalence of primary dental caries in the world for each study, and the rhombic figure shows the prevalence of primary dental caries in the world for all studies.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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Forest plot of the results of Prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 95% confidence intervals worldwide

Meta-analysis (permanent dental caries)

According to the results of the study in forest plot, the overall prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world was 53.8% (95% CI: 50–57.5%) (Fig. 5). The middle point of each line shows the prevalence of permanent dental caries in the world for each study, and the rhombic figure shows the prevalence of permanent dental caries in the world for all studies.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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Forest plot of the results of Prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth and 95% confidence intervals worldwide

Meta-regression

The prevalence of primary dental caries was evaluated by meta-regression analysis based on the year of study and the sample size, which reported that with increasing the year of study and the sample size, the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth increased in both cases and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01) (Figs. 6 and 7).

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

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Meta-regression analysis of the relationship between the sample size and the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

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Meta-regression analysis of the relationship between the year of study and the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world

The prevalence of permanent dental caries was evaluated based on the year of study and the sample size, which reported that with increasing the year of study and the sample size, the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth decreased in both cases and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01) (Figs. 8 and 9).

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

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Meta-regression analysis of the relationship between the sample size and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world

Fig. 9.

Fig. 9

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Meta-regression analysis of the relationship between the year of study and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world

Sub-group analysis

Also, Table 3 and Fig. 10 report the results of the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents. These changes were reported in the continents of Asia, Europe, Africa, USA, and Australia, according to which 100 Asian studies (50 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 50 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth), 32 European studies (10 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 22 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth), 21 American studies (14 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 7 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth), 10 African studies (5 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 5 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth), and 4 Australian studies (3 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 1 studies on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth) were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in different continents (Table 3 and Fig. 10).

Table 3.

Investigating the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents

Tooth type continents Number of articles Sample Size I2 Egger Test Prevalence %
Caries in primary teeth Asia 50 54,680 99.3 0.756 52.6 (95% CI: 46.7–58.5)
Europe 10 9977 98.4 0.152 21.4 (95% CI: 15.3–29.1)
America 14 6825 98.7 0.742 45.8 (95% CI: 34.2–58)
Africa 5 3004 95.5 0.220 53.1 (95% CI: 44.3–61.7)
Australia 3 6472 98.3 0.296 28.5 (95% CI: 20.3–38.5)
Permanent dental caries Asia 50 1,334,133 99.8 0.284 58.8 (95% CI: 53.4–64)
Europe 22 115,141 99.8 0.175 44.1 (95% CI: 36.1–52.5)
America 7 5009 98.2 0.763 48.9 (95% CI: 37.6–60.3)
Africa 5 2794 99.3 0.220 58.9 (95% CI: 29.4–83.1)
Australia 1 612 – – 54.9 (95% CI: 50.9–58.8)
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Fig. 10.

Fig. 10

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Providing the results of the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents

Cumulative meta-analysis

A cumulative meta-analysis of the included studies was performed based primary and permanent dental caries. Cumulative risk of each study’s addition to the meta-analysis are reported in Figs. 11 and 12.

Fig. 11.

Fig. 11

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Result of cumulative meta-analysis based on primary dental caries

Fig. 12.

Fig. 12

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Result of cumulative meta-analysis based on permanent dental caries

Discussion

In this study, the prevalence of dental caries in studies conducted throughout the world was investigated, and it was reported that the overall prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children was 46.2%. Early childhood caries (ECC) in developing countries was reported to be more than in developed countries [1]. Also, in the present study, the overall prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children was 53.8%.

Differences in the prevalence of dental caries in developed and underdeveloped countries may be due to differences in the age groups studied, but may also be due to ethnic, cultural, geographic, racial, and developmental differences as well as access to dental services, behavioral habits, health care behaviors, nutritional habits and behaviors, and lifestyle [144]. The effects of parents’ lack of awareness of their children’s tooth decay status as well as neglect and attention discrimination can also be well documented in the study of Nag et al. [160], suggesting that in the age group of 6 to 18 years, caries rates were higher in girls than in boys, as girls are more neglected by parents than boys. Although there has been no difference in the prevalence rate of both sexes in the current systematic study, terms of access to health services and lack of parental awareness of and attention to children’s dental caries are known as the most important factors in its development [2], so discrimination and inequality in the upbringing of children in the family can also multiply the impact of such a situation.

In the present meta-analysis study, the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in different continents is presented in Table 3 and Fig. 10, which was higher in the African continent and secondarily in the Asian continent.

According to the World Health Organization’s Healthy People Plan, 90% of children between the ages of 5 and 6 should be free of tooth decay by 2010. However, according to the findings of this study which were based on the reviews performed in the studies searched, the prevalence of dental caries in children in most countries was found to be very high. Such a situation gives rise to worrying conditions in terms of tooth decay in adulthood and will also impose enormous tooth repair costs on the country’s health sector. Such a situation in the country, in addition to what has been said, as well as conditions such as inequality in access to health care services, inequality in developmental and economic situation in different countries and different parts of countries may indicate that the lack of awareness of the health and preservation of primary teeth in all families with different socioeconomic status has been considered a serious problem [3] and a barrier to the provision of preventive and health services.

Families and parents should know that child dental care must start from the mother’s pregnancy; children born to mothers with multiple dental caries are more likely to develop caries in the later stages of their lives. Cariogenic bacteria are usually transferred through the use of a spoon or a bottle of milk from the mother’s moth to the child’s mouth for the first time, so breast feeding should be avoided as much as possible during the baby’s sleep. Regular dental appointments should be provided from the beginning of the baby’s primary teeth eruption, especially with the eruption of the first permanent tooth, first molar tooth or the 6the tooth. The tooth develops immediately after the last primary tooth at the age of six and is most likely to be decayed. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, the American Dental Association, and the American Academy of General Dentistry all recommend making sure to see a dentist 6 months after the eruption of teeth in children, before the age of one year’s [161–166]. One of the most important and available measures to prevent caries, especially primary teeth in children, is performing dental procedures such as fissure sealant and fluoride therapy. In the fissure sealant method, deep grooves in the surface of the tooth are covered with a thin layer of tooth-colored material, thereby preventing the spread of cariogenic bacteria in tooth grooves. Other methods are caries prevention [167]and[168].

Given the high prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children worldwide, it is recommended that providing educational programs and interventions in primary and permanent dental health care especially for mothers, nurses, and child educators be of special interest to health services policy-makers and providers. Planning to provide educational programs and inexpensive dental and oral health services as well as ease of access to such services for children by the health system of countries is noted as well.

Strength and limitation

The most important strength of this study is that it has been studied for the first time in the world, includes all data sources and high-quality studies, and also analysis based on different continents for the use of the World Health Organization. The most important limitation of the present study is inaccessibility to the full text of the articles, incomplete search, and poor quality of some studies, as well as restricted search based on Persian and English languages.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in the world was found to be high. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be implemented to improve the aforementioned situation and to troubleshoot and monitor at all levels by providing feedback to hospitals. Also, the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children of Africa is higher than other continents and requires special attention of the World Health Organization to this continent in improving the oral health of children. These strategies can include providing educational programs to parents, periodic dental care for children, and fluoride therapy in childhood for the African continent.

Acknowledgements

We hereby express our gratitude and appreciation to the respected authorities of that center for bearing the financial costs of this study.

Abbreviations

ECC

Early Childhood Caries

WHO

World Health Organization

DMF

Decay-Missing-Filled

SID

Scientific Information Database

MESH

Medical Subject Headings

ISI

Web of Science

PRISMA

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis

STROBE

Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for cross- sectional Study

Authors’ contributions

MK and AA contributed to the design, MM and RJ statistical analysis, participated in most of the study steps. AVR and SHSH prepared the manuscript. NS and MM assisted in designing the study, and helped in the, interpretation of the study. All authors have read and approved the content of the manuscript.

Funding

By Student Research Committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Deputy for Research and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR) (3009346).

Availability of data and materials

Datasets are available through the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not declared.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Mohsen Kazeminia, Email: mohsenkaz221@gmail.com.

Alireza Abdi, Email: a_abdi61@yahoo.com.

Shamarina Shohaimi, Email: shamarina@upm.edu.my.

Rostam Jalali, Email: ks_jalali@yahoo.com.

Aliakbar Vaisi-Raygani, Email: visi_akbar@yahoo.com.

Nader Salari, Email: n_s_514@yahoo.com.

Masoud Mohammadi, Email: Masoud.mohammadi1989@yahoo.com.

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