SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnant Women and Their Newborns

Abstract

There remain a number of uncertainties globally about the risks posed to women who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. Furthermore, our understanding of the spread of COVID-19 in Sub-Saharan Africa is limited, owing to low testing rates in many parts of the continent. PeriCOVID Africa, in conjunction with the WHO/HRP Alliance, plans to address these knowledge gaps by harnessing research infrastructures in place in five sub-Saharan African countries in order to screen more than 50,000 pregnant women and their infants for SARS-CoV-2, while monitoring pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. We anticipate that the results of this study will provide much needed information about the risks that SARS-CoV-2 poses to pregnant women and their babies, as well as establishing potential routes of mother-to-child transmission.

To the Editor,

There remain a number of uncertainties globally about the risks posed to women who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, in particular, whether COVID-19 increases the risk of adverse outcomes for mother and baby, and the ways in which the virus or immunity to the virus may be passed from the pregnant woman or breastfeeding mother to her infant. Much of the strongest evidence published thus far has been in the form of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational data [1,2,3], and little has been published on this topic from Africa to date.

There have been a number of registries set up internationally to capture data from women who have been diagnosed with COVID-19 during pregnancy, many of which have been instrumental in providing crucial observational data about pregnancy outcomes in this cohort. These data are, however, limited in that they do not provide sufficient insight into the mechanisms underlying the observed outcomes, highlighting a need for the collection of clinical samples in this context.

Recently-published data have also suggested that symptomatic women may represent only the tip of the iceberg of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy [4,5], making it possible that registries contain data from only a small proportion of true SARS-CoV-2 positive cases, especially in countries where mass testing has not yet been adopted. It is therefore imperative that asymptomatic pregnant women are also screened for the virus in order to capture the full breadth of effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in both pregnancy and infancy.

PeriCOVID Africa plans to address these knowledge gaps by harnessing the infrastructures already in place for a number of large studies in sub-Saharan Africa, including PREPARE, PRECISE, BAMBI II and the “Early versus late BCG vaccination in HIV-1 exposed infants in Uganda” randomised controlled trial. This platform will screen more than 59,000 pregnant women for SARS-CoV-2 infection and collect clinical samples and data from mothers and babies among a birth cohort of nearly 100,000 women and infants in the Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Uganda, with additional data from collaborators in South Africa (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Research collaborations in sub-Saharan Africa recruiting participants for periCOVID Africa.

This body of work will be carried out in conjunction with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)-United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction, known as the HRP Alliance, who together hosted COVID-19 and pregnancy research working group meetings which brought together global expertise, enabling the development a generic cohort protocol addressing COVID-19 among pregnant women and their neonates.

Over a 12-month period, we will collect throat swabs (to test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA) and blood samples (for SARS-CoV-2 serology [IgM/IgG]) from pregnant women presenting for antenatal care at our designated study sites, based in primary health care facilities and government hospitals in each of the five countries. In alignment with the WHO/HRP Alliance’s generic cohort protocol, we will then follow these women until delivery where we will take further samples including cord blood and nasal swabs from the infants to assess for evidence of vertical transmission, and will also collect clinical data from all enrolled women to determine the relative risk of adverse outcomes in women who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. All data collected will be integrated into existing registries and reported monthly to the WHO/HRP Alliance-designated platform so that important results can be widely disseminated in real-time.

We anticipate that the results of this study will help provide the first vital steps to understanding the pathophysiology of the risks that SARS-CoV-2 poses to pregnant women and their babies, as well as establishing potential routes of mother-to-child transmission, which will inform infection prevention and control measures recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Competing Interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Author Contribution

ME drafted the first iteration of the manuscript. MS, VN, HS, BF, KK, GG, KJ, ES, MT, LAM, PVD, AS, KLD and the WHO/HRP alliance author group contributed equally to subsequent revisions of the manuscript and ensured correct representation of their institution and/or organisation’s involvement in the project.

Publisher’s Note

This paper underwent peer review using the Cross-Publisher COVID-19 Rapid Review Initiative.