Table 2.
Information about flatworms spread by human migratory activity.
| Name | Life cycle type | Intermediate host(s) | Origin | Current distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schistosomatidae | ||||
| Schistosoma mansoni | indirect | Biomphalaria sp. | East Africa | Africa, Middle East, parts of South America and the Caribbean |
| Schistosoma haematobium | indirect |
Bulinus sp. Physopsis sp. |
East Africa | Africa, Middle East |
| Fasciolidae | ||||
| Fasciola hepatica | indirect | Lymnea sp. | Eurasia | worldwide |
| Fascioloides magna | indirect |
Fossaria sp. Stagnicola sp. Galba truncatula Radix perega |
North America | North America, Europe |
| Opisthorchiidae | ||||
| Opisthorchis viverrini | indirect | 1st: Bithynia sp. 2nd: Cyprinidae |
Southeast Asia | Thailand, Cambodia, Laos |
| Taenidae | ||||
| Taenia solium/cysticercosisa | indirect | pigs | sub-Saharan Africa | worldwide |
aIn cysticercosis, the transmission of T. solium is direct from human to human via ingestion of eggs released by humans infected with the tapeworm, and thus humans are final and intermediate host at the same time.