Table 2.
Randomized Clinical Trials testing the effects of different protein supplementation in combination with exercise training.
| Author, Year | Number Participants, Gender | Age (Mean or Range) | Duration | Intervention Arms | Main Endpoints | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dideriksen 2011 [52] | 24, 9 ♀/15 ♂ | 68 | acute supplementation | RE + WP (0.45 g/kg) vs. RE + caseinate (0.45 g/kg) | MPS | Increase in MPS, no difference between arms |
| Yang 2012 [53] | 37 ♂ | 71 | acute supplementation | WP 0 g, 10 g, 20 g or 40 g vs. WP same doses + RE | MPS | RE increases MPS at all WP doses with greater extent with 40 g WP |
| Arnarson 2013 [54] | 161, 94 ♀/67 ♂ | 65–91 | 12 weeks | RE + WP (20 g) vs. RE + isocaloric CHO | Lean body mass, strength, physical function | Increase in all endpoints, no difference between arms |
| Gryson 2014 [55] | 48, ♂ | 61 | 16 weeks (sedentary) | MET + total milk proteins (10 g) vs. MET + soluble milk proteins rich in leucine (10 g) | Muscle mass and strength, time to task failure, index of muscle fatigue | Better results in all endpoints with soluble milk proteins + after MET |
| Karelis 2015 [56] | 99, 76 ♀/23 ♂ | 65–88 | 135 days | 20 g of cysteine enrich-WP vs. 20 g casein (both arms in combination with RT) | Body composition (DXA), muscle strength | Muscle strength increases in both arms, additional increasing WP arm |
| Weisgarber 2015 [57] | 12, ♀ | 57 | 10 weeks | RE (high volume) + WP (40 g) vs. RE + placebo | Lean tissue mass, muscle thickness, muscle strength | Increase in muscle thickness and strength, but no difference between arms |
| Thomson 2016 [58] | 179, 99 ♀/80 ♂ | 62 | 12 weeks | RE + high dairy protein (1.2 g/kg) vs. RE +high soy protein (1.2 g/kg) vs. RE + usual protein intake (<1.2 g/kg) | Muscle strength, body composition, physical function, quality of life | Increase in lean mass, physical function and mental health in all arms, increase in strength attenuated in soy arm |
| Mori 2018 [59] | 81, ♀ | 65–80 | 24 weeks | RE + WP (22.3 g/day) vs. RE alone vs. WP alone | Muscle mass, physical function | Higher improvement in all endpoints in RE + WP arm |
| Sugihara 2018 [60] | 31, ♀ | 67 | 12 weeks | RE + WP (35 g) vs. RE + placebo | Muscle strength, hypertrophy, muscle quality | Higher increase in muscle strength and hypertrophy in RE + WP |
♀: females; ♂: males; RE: Resistance Exercise; WP: Whey Protein; MPS: Muscle protein Synthesis; CHO: Carbohydrates; MET: multicomponent exercise training; RT: Resistance Training; DXA: Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry.