Table 3.
RCTs investigating the effect of daily supplementation of different combination of protein sources, calcium and fructans on several bone related endpoints.
| Author, Year | Number Participants, Gender | Age Mean and/or Range | Duration | Intervention Arms | Main Endpoints | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khalil 2002 [83] | 17, ♂ | 65–84 | 3 months | Daily supplementation of 40 g SP vs. 40 g MP | Bone specific ALP activity, urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion | No endpoint difference among arms |
| Holm 2008 [84] | 29, ♀ Postmenopausal | 55 | 24 weeks | 10 g WP + 31 g CHO + 1 g fat + 5 mcg vitamin D + 250 mg calcium vs. 6 g CHO + 12 mg calcium; both arms with ST | BMD with DXA, Osteocalcin, CTx | Increase in BMD and osteocalcin in WP multi-ingredient arm |
| Adolphi 2009 [85] | 85, ♀ postmenopausal | 59 (48–67) | 2 weeks | Bedtime consumption of 175 mL Fm vs. 175 mL Fm + 510 mg Calcium vs. Fm+ 510 mg calcium + 0.175 g CPP + 1.75 g ITF | Nocturnal bone resorption markers | Fm reduced bone resorption independently of further supplementation |
| Chevallley 2010 [86] | 45, ♀ (recent hip fracture) | 81 | 1 week | Daily supplementation of 20 g casein vs. 15 g WP vs. 5 g EAA | Elevation of circulating IGF-1 | Increase in IGF-1 in casein arm supplementation |
| Zhu 2011 [87] | 219, ♀ | 70–80 | 2 years | Daily supplementation of a drink with 30 g WP vs. placebo | BMD with DXA and QCT. IGF-1 level, urinary calcium excretion | Increase in IGF-1 at year 1 and 2 in WP arm, but no effect on bone mass or strength |
| Kerstetter 2015 [88] | 208, 178 ♀/30 ♂ | 70 | 18 months | Supplementation of 45 g WP vs. isocaloric placebo | BMD with DXA, fat free mass | No difference in BMD, better preservation of fat free mass in WP arm |
♂: males; ♀: females; SP: Soy Protein; MP: Milk Protein; ALP: Alkaline Phosphatase; WP: Whey Protein; CHO: Carbohydrates; ST: Strength Training; BMD: Bone Mineral Density; DXA: Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry; CTx: C-Terminal telopeptide, Fm: Fermented milk; CPP: Casein Phospho-peptides; ITF: Inulin-Type Fructans; EAA; Essential Amino Acids; IGF-1: Insulin-like Growth Factor-1; QCT: Quantitative Computed Tomography.