Table 1.
Human coronavirus infections in HIV-positive patients.
| Study Cohort | hCoV (% Incidence) | Clinical Presentation | Other Types of Drugs Administered (Number Receiving the Drug) | Disease Outcome at the Time of Reporting | Co-Morbidities | Other Pathogens | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thirty-two-year old male | 229E | Acute respiratory failure, respiratory distress, cough, fever, tachypnea, low CD4+ count, high HIV RNA count, pneumonia, acute renal failure, anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated C-reactive Protein levels | (ART) NRTIs, antibiotics, high dose norepinephrine infusion |
Fatal multi-organ failure | None reported | RSV, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis | [24] |
| Five hundred and seventeen samples from children | OC43 (12.2%); NL63 (1.7%); HKU1 (1.4%) | Cyanosis (11.4% vs. 8.1%), CXR-AC (Pneumonia—26.6% vs. 22.1%), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (15 vs. 12mg/mL), fever |
PCV9 (pneumococcal vaccine) |
Not reported | None reported | hRV (31.7%), human bocavirus (9.5%), polyomavirus WUPyV (8.9%) Bacteria |
[25] |
| Thirty-year old male | SARS-CoV | Low CD4+ count, high HIV RNA count, dry cough, fever and malaise, pneumonia, tachypnea, lymphopenia, | (HAART) NRTIs, Protease inhibitors, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis, Ribavin + prednisolone (anti-SARS), anti-TB treatment |
Full recovery | TB | HBV | [26] |
| Sixty-one-year old male | SARS-2 | Dry cough, lymphopenia, pneumonia, dypsnea | Aloglibtin + Metformin, protease inhibitors, antibiotics, immunosuppresants | Full recovery | Type II diabetes | None reported | [28] |
| Three cisgender men, 2 transgender people | SARS-2 | Fever, low CD4+ count (1/5), high HIV RNA load (1/5), elevated CRP levels (4/5), elevated ferratin levels (3/5), lymphocytopenia (2/5), thrombocytopenia, cough, LRTI (3/5), URTI (2/5), cough | ARTs, hydroxychloroquine (4), IFN beta-1b (2), antbiotic, corticosteroids (2), immunosuppresants (1) | Four recovered; 1 in ICU | Hypothyroidism (1), asthma (1) | None reported | [29] |
| Fifty-one COVID-positive: Eight women, 43 men (from 2873 HIV-positive patients) | SARS-2 | Common symptoms: Non-productive cough, fever, dyspnea, fatigue | NRTIs (37), protease inhibitor treatment (11) hydroxychloroquine (30), azithromycin (19), ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (14)—usually used in combination, boosted darunavir (8) |
Forty-four recovered; 2 fatalities | Six-three percent at least one co-morbidity (hypertension, high BMI, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease) | None reported | [30] |
| Eight patients (from 1174 HIV-positive patients) | SARS-2 | Low CD4+ counts (2/8—100–350 cells/mm3), normal CD4+ counts (6/8—>350 cells/mm3) | ARTs | One fatality | None reported | None reported | [31] |
| Four male patients (from 1224 HIV-positive patients) | SARS-2 | High HIV RNA load (3/4), low CD4+ count, pneumonia, cough, lymphocytopenia, elevated ferritin levels (1/4), elevated CRP levels (2/4), diarrhoea, thrombocytopenia | ARTs (NRTIs and protease inhibitors), antibiotics |
Three recovered; 1 fatality | Bipolar disorder, diabetes, COPD, hypertension, obesity | HBV | [32] |
| Forty-eight HIV-positive (from 5700 COVID-19 positive) | SARS-2 | None reported | None reported | None reported | None reported | [35] | |
| Thirty-eight-year-old male | SARS-2 | Fever, muscle aches, fever, pneumonia, slightly elevated CRP levels, normal WBC and lymphocyte count | ARTs NRTIs, Oseltamivir, IFN-α |
Full recovery | None | HCV | [33] |
| Thirty-four-year-old woman | SARS-2 | gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, chest pain, anorexia and muscle aches | Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, lamivudine and efavirenz | Full recovery | None | None reported | [34] |
| Thirty-one HIV-positive (from 2159 COVID-19 positive patients) | SARS-2 | Fever viral pneumonia | All patients were on ART; integrase inhibitor-based triple therapy hydroxychloroquine (24), azithromycin (16), corticosteroids (8), IL-6R antagonist tocilizumab (2), antiviral drug—remdesivir (1), IL-6R inhibitor—sarilumab (1) | Twenty-one recovered; 8 fatalities | Seventy-one percent at least one co-morbidity (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, asthma, COPD | None Reported | [20] |
| Forty-seven COVID-positive (from 6,000 HIV-positive patients) | SARS-2 | Fever, cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, myalgia, headache | Integrase inhibitor-based ART; protease inhibitor-based treatment; tenofovir-based regime | Forty-five recovered; 2 fatalities | Sixty-four percent at least one co-morbidity (dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension | HBV, HCV | [36] |
| Four male patients | SARS-2 | Fatigue, loss of taste and smell, fever, cough | All patients were on ART | Full recovery | atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus | HCV (1) influenza A (1) |
[37] |