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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Educ Psychol. 2019 Aug 5;112(4):718–734. doi: 10.1037/edu0000400

Table 1.

Participant Demographic Characteristics

Grade 1–2 Grade 2–3 Grade 3–4 Grade 4–5 Total
n % n % n % n % n %
Male 868 51.5% 915 52.5% 852 50.5% 833 50.1% 3468 51.2%
American Indian/Alaskan Native 4 0.2% 1 0.1% 5 0.3% 3 0.2% 13 0.2%
Asian 20 1.2% 22 1.3% 21 1.2% 25 1.5% 88 1.3%
Black/African-American 29 1.7% 26 1.5% 42 2.5% 33 2.0% 130 1.9%
Hispanic 708 42.0% 694 39.8% 651 38.6% 672 40.4% 2725 40.2%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0 0.0% 1 0.1% 2 0.1% 4 0.2% 7 0.1%
Two or more races 46 2.7% 60 3.4% 46 2.7% 50 3.0% 202 3.0%
White 877 52.1% 939 53.8% 919 54.5% 877 52.7% 3612 53.3%
Free or reduced lunch 588 36.3% 564 33.8% 545 33.6% 550 34.5% 2247 34.5%
Special education 168 10.0% 158 9.1% 172 10.2% 155 9.3% 653 9.6%
Limited English proficiency 156 9.3% 144 8.3% 113 6.7% 151 9.1% 564 8.3%