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Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry logoLink to Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry
. 2020 Oct 7;2020:4764219. doi: 10.1155/2020/4764219

Chemical Comparison of White Ginseng before and after Extrusion by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Yun-Long Guo 1,2, Yang Wang 2, Yi-Lin Zhao 1, Xiu-Ying Xu 1, Hao Zhang 1, Cheng-Bin Zhao 1, Ming-Zhu Zheng 1, Shu-Ying Liu 2, Yu-Zhu Wu 1,✉, Jing-Sheng Liu 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7563053  PMID: 33083092

Abstract

Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS) was used to compare the composition of ginsenosides in white ginseng (WG) and extruded white ginseng (EWG). A total of 45 saponins, including original neutral ginsenosides, malonyl-ginsenosides, and chemical transformation of ginsenosides, were successfully identified in both WG and EWG. Multivariate statistical analyses including supervised orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to analyze components of white ginseng before and after extrusion. As a result, three ginsenosides (malonyl (M)-Rb1, M-Rb2, and M-Rc) were found to be increased in WG, while three ginsenosides (Rb2, Rc, and Rg1) were elevated in EWG. In the OPLS-DA S-plot, the different compositions of ginsenoside that were distinguished between WG and EWG were screened out. Experimental results indicate that the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS is a useful tool to characterize variations of ginsenosides in WG and EWG.

1. Introduction

The root of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) has been widely used as traditional medicine and functional foods in China and other Asian countries and regions for over 2,000 years [1]. It is found that ginseng contains lots of bioactive and pharmacological effects ingredients such as polysaccharides, saponin, amino acids, vitamins, protein, and phenolic compounds [2]. In China, WG (white ginseng) and RG (red ginseng) are two main types of ginseng that are widely used in Chinese herbal medicine and food markets. WG is produced by drying fresh ginseng in the sun, and RG is manufactured by steaming fresh ginseng at 95–100°C for 2-3 h and then drying. Although both white ginseng and red ginseng were processed with fresh ginseng, they were used for different purposes in the clinical application of TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) practice [3]. Meanwhile, ginseng raw materials and products were popularized worldwide as a natural healthy food along with the global trends of preference for natural products [4]. Modern studies showed that the bioactive and pharmacological effects components are mainly recognized as ginsenosides [5], which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, anticancer, and immune-stimulant pharmacological activities [6–15].

Extrusion is a continuous process with high temperature, high pressure, and short time. Many chemical and physical reactions occur during the extrusion process, such as starch gelatinization, protein denaturation, and Millard reaction. Meanwhile, functional properties are also changed [16]. Numerous studies have reported that the extruding process could increase some bioactive and pharmacological effects of ginseng products, compared with unprocessed WG [17–19]. The physical characteristics and chemical composition of ginseng are changed during the extrusion process, which further alters the functional properties of ingredients [20–24]. Many researchers have extruded white ginseng and red ginseng samples conducted to improve the chemical and physical properties [8, 16, 18, 19, 25–27]. The contents of crude saponin were higher in the extruded ginseng than that in unprocessed ginseng. In addition, the content of Rg2, Rh1, Rh2, and Rg3 in EWG was increased as the extrusion temperature was raised [28]. WG was more suitable for extrusion than RG because more significant increased antioxidant activity was obtained in extruded WG than that in RG [8]. Although studies on the physical, chemical, and functional properties of extrusion WG have been reported in the literature, the comparison of ginsenoside composition of WG before and after extrusion process has not yet been researched.

In the present study, we applied UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis approach to assess the ginsenoside compositions of WG and EWG. We also investigated the changing chemical structures of WG and EWG and the possible reasons.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials and Reagents

HPLC-MS grade methanol, acetonitrile, and formic acid were purchased from TEDIA (Fairfield, OH, USA). Ultrapure water was filtered through a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade. Ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Ro, and standard chemicals were purchased from Shanghai Standard Technology Co., Ltd. (purity ≥ 98%, Shanghai, China). The 5-year-old white ginseng power was obtained from Hongjiu Biotech Co., Ltd. (total saponins of Panax ginseng was 4.5%, moisture was 4.8%, Jilin, China).

2.2. Extrusion Process

The WG root powder was extruded with a co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder (Fumach Food Stuff Engineering & Technology Co., Hunan, China). The parameters of extrusion were as follows: the moisture content of 20%, screw speed of 200 rpm, the feed rate of 10 kg/h, and die diameter of 3.0 mm. The temperature profile from the feed section to the die exit was set to 140°C. The extrudate was directly dried in the oven at 60°C for 12 h.

2.3. Extraction of Ginsenosides

The obtained powder was weighed (0.1 g) and extracted with 5 mL of 70% methanol in an ultrasonic water bath for 45 min, and the extract was filtered through a syringe filter (0.22 μm) and stored in a 4°C refrigerator for LC-MS analysis [29, 30].

2.4. The Methods of UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS Analysis

Chromatographic separation was performed on an Ultimate 3000 ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography system (Thermo Fisher, San Jose, CA, USA) coupled with the Supelco C18 column (3.0 × 50 mm, 2.7 μm; Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The column oven temperature was maintained at 35°C, and the mobile phases A and B were acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid, respectively. The separation of experimental samples was programmed with the following gradient elution: the proportion of acetonitrile (A) was increased from 15% to 19% (0–5 min), 19–19% (5–10 min), 19–25% (10–13 min), 25–28% (13–15 min), 28–28% (15–18 min), 28–30% (18–22 min), 30–35% (22–25 min), 35–40% (25–30 min), 40–60% (30–35 min), 60–80% (35–38 min), 80–100% (38–40 min), 100–100% (40–45 min), and finally adjusted from 100% to 15% (45–50 min) and maintained at 15% for 10 minutes. The injection volume was 5 μL, and the flow rate was 0.4 mL/min.

Mass spectrometric detection was carried out on a Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS (Thermo Fisher, San Jose, CA, USA) equipped with electrospray ionization source operated in the negative ion mode. The parameters of ion source were set as follows: sheath gas flow of 35 Arb, aux gas flow of 10 Arb, and sweep gas flow of 1 Arb. S-Lens RF was 55%. The capillary voltage was set to −3.5 kV with a capillary temperature of 350°C. Full-scan MS data were acquired at the centroid mode from m/z 150 to 2000 Da, 70,000 resolution, automatic gain control (AGC), the target of 1 × 106, and maximum injection time (IT) of 100 ms. The parameters of dd-MS2 were set as follows: 17,000 resolution, automatic gain control (AGC) the target of 1 × 105, maximum injection time (IT) of 50 ms, Loop count 5, isolation window 4.0 m/z and NCE/stepped NCE.The MS/MS data were acquired in Full-MS/ddMS2 mode using the following settings: resolution 17,000 with AGC target of 1×105, maximum IT of 50 ms, and the normalized collision energy (NCE) of 25–55.

2.5. Data Processing and Multivariate Analysis

The SIEVE (version2.1, Thermo Fisher, San Jose, CA, USA) software was used to process the raw data of samples, which could detect the mass, retention time, and intensity of the peaks in each TIC. The max retention time shift was set at 0.20 min, and the m/z width was 10 ppm to align the features. The base peak min intensity and background were set at 105 and 3, respectively. After being aligned, the intensity of each ion was normalized by the total ion intensity of each TIC. The resultant dataset, containing m/z value @ retention time, the normalized intensity, and the sample code, was used to perform the multivariate statistical analysis. Then, the datasets were saved as .csv files and imported into SIMCA-P software 11.5 (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden) to conduct the multivariate statistical analysis, including orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). In the OPLS-DA model, ions with variable importance in projection VIP values larger than 1 were highlighted and were further filtered by t-test (SPSS19.0, Chicago, IL, USA). The components with p < 0.05 were considered significant and were selected as analytical markers.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS Analysis of White Ginseng and Extruded White Ginseng

The ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined high-resolution mass spectrometry has been proved as an effective analytical tool for ginsenoside analysis in complex extracts of Chinese herb medicine [31–34]. Figure 1 shows the total ion chromatogram (TIC) of the extracts of WG and EWG samples by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS in the negative ion mode. The ginsenoside compounds were effectively separated in 45 min by the established method. The intensities of several peaks were different before and after extrusion. Compared to WG, the total ion chromatogram of EWG showed obvious lower or higher intensity of some peaks from 25 to 30 min. These demonstrated that the extrusion process changed the chemical composition of the ginseng sample. Meanwhile, the sample of ginseng contains water, and the determination of water content may be performed before extraction [35, 36], which contribute to accurate determination of polysaccharide in future research.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Total ion chromatogram (TIC) of extruded white ginseng (a) and white ginseng (b).

The Q-Orbitrap-MS was reliable and sensitive for measuring the exact mass values of the compounds from samples. Moreover, the retention time, accurate masses, and the characteristic fragment ions were compared with the standards to perform the compound identification.

Because the negative ion mode gave a much clearer fragmentation pattern for structure identification of ginsenoside compounds, we detected ginsenoside and confirmed the molecular weight by full-scan MS in negative ion mode. The [M-H]− and [M + HCOO]− ions of ginsenoside were formed in the negative ion mode. Compared to the theoretical value, all molecular ions were measured within the mass accuracy of 10 ppm. Table 1 shows the characteristic fragment ions of ginsenosides. The aglycone type and the sequence of ginsenosides were confirmed by the tandem MS information. Figure 2 shows the tandem MS spectra of protopanaxadiol saponins (Rg1 and Rb1), malonyl saponins (mRb1), and oleanolic acid saponins (Ro). As shown in Figures 2(a)–2(c), the [M-H]− ion produced fragment ions at m/z 475, 459, and 455, which were the characteristic ions of ginsenosides. The fragment ion at m/z 475 was produced by loss of two glucose residues (162 Da + 162 Da). The fragment ion at m/z 459 was subtracted from four glucose residues (162 Da + 162 Da + 162 Da + 162 Da). Figures 2(c) and 2(d) show the MS/MS spectra of ginsenoside Ro and malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1. The fragment ion at m/z 455 was produced by loss of two glucose residues and β-d-glucuronic acid (162 Da + 162 Da + 176 Da). In Figure 2(d), the [M-H]− ion produced fragment ions at m/z 1107, representing malonyl-ginsenoside cleavage by loss of one malonyl residue. Similar to Rb1, the fragment ion at m/z 459 is produced by loss of four glucose residues (162 Da + 162 Da + 162 Da + 162 Da). The experimental results show that the tandem mass spectrum fragmentation provided structural rich information for the elucidation of ginsenosides. By comparing the retention time, full scan, and the tandem MS spectra with the standard, ginsenoside structure could be identified. The components without standard could be tentatively assigned by comparing the data with the literature record. As a result of our analysis, a total of 45 ginsenosides were identified from WG and EWG. The identification information of ginsenosides is listed in Table 1.

Table 1.

Compounds identified from white ginseng and extruded white ginseng.

No. Rt (min) Formula Detected mass (Da) Mass error (ppm) MS/MS fragment ions Identification
1 3.37 C42H72O15 861.4844a 1.0 650.2734, 542.4258, 415.3136 Ginsenoside Re5
2 5.81 C22H32O13 503.1771b 0.2 473.1600, 415.2855, 390.2661 Cistanoside H
3 13.14 C42H72O14 845.4894a 1.2 799.4832, 637.4314, 475.3788 Ginsenoside Rg1
4 13.57 C48H82O18 991.5472a 1.1 945.5403, 799.4826, 637.4302, 475.3785 Ginsenoside Re
5 15.24 C45H74O17 885.4991b 1.4 841.4911, 781.4704, 637.4300, 475.3782 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rg1
6 16.2 C51H84O21 1031.5425b 0.7 945.5348, 783.4891, 637.4325, 475.3785 Malonyl-ginsenoside Re
7 18.55 C42H72O14 845.4893a 1.3 799.4816, 637.4309, 475.3787 Ginsenoside Rf
8 19.57 C41H70O13 815.4793a 0.6 637.4122,475.2591 Noto-ginsenoside R2
9 20.04 C59H100O27 1239.6353b 0.9 1077.5878, 945.5434, 783.4840, 681.4325 Noto-ginsenoside R4/ginsenoside Ra3
10 21.03 C42H72O13 829.4858a 0.4 637.4292, 475.3785 Ginsenoside Rg2
11 22.64 C58H98O26 1255.6304a 2.2 1239.6354, 1209.6183, 1007.5946, 945.5434, 799.4820, 650.1565, 475.3796 Ginsenoside Ra2
12 23.04 C54H92O23 1153.5977a 1.2 1107.5927,945.5379,783.4874, 621.4355, 459.3850 Ginsenoside Rb1
13 24.06 C48H76O19 955.4892b 1.7 793.4366, 613.3745, 569.3832, 455.3529 Ginsenoside Ro
14 24.19 C57H94O26 1193.5942b 1.6 1107.5925, 945.5403, 783.4891, 621.3830, 459.3846 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1/isomer
15 24.39 C53H90O22 1123.5885a 1.9 1077.5790, 945.5386,7 83.4573, 621.2311,459.3891 Ginsenoside Rc
16 24.75 C58H98O26 1255.6209a 1.5 1239.6340, 1209.6176, 1007.5927, 945.5438, 799.4827, 650.1566, 475.3743 Ginsenoside Ra1
17 25.25 C36H62O9 683.4382a 0.9 475.3733 Ginsenoside F1
18 25.46 C56H92O25 1163.5841b 1.2 1077.5323,945.5419,783.4745, 621.42631,459.3257 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rc
19 25.66 C53H90O22 1123.5887a 1.7 1077.5820, 945.5396, 783.4877, 621.4354, 459.3839 Ginsenoside Rb2
20 25.95 C57H94O26 1193.5946b 1.3 1149.6058, 1177.5963, 945.5458, 783.4924, 621.4364, 459.3817 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1/isomer
21 26.03 C53H90O22 1123.5873a 2.9 1077.5817, 945.5402, 783.4875, 621.4353, 459.3840 Ginsenoside Rb3
22 26.4 C56H92O25 1163.584b 1.3 1077.5225,945.5573,783.4354, 621.4602, 459.3924 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rb2/isomer
23 26.75 C56H92O25 1163.584b 1.3 1077.5347, 945.5523, 783.4616, 621.4473, 459.3248 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rb2/isomer
24 27.02 C42H66O14 793.4374b 0.8 631.3840, 569.3831, 455.3528 Chikusetsusaponin IVa
25 27.27 C48H82O18 991.5472a 1.5 783.4174, 621.3566, 459.3527 Ginsenoside Rd
26 27.48 C56H92O25 1163.5837b 1.5 1077.5360, 945.5741, 783.4784, 621.4541 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rb3/isomer
27 27.83 C51H84O21 1031.5424b 0.8 945.5354, 783.4422, 637.4179, 475.3627 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rd
28 28.1 C50H84O19 1033.5565a 2.3 945.2658, 783.2891, 637.4630, 475.2571 Acetylginsenoside Re
29 28.22 C55H92O23 1165.6007a 0.3 1077.5847, 945.5405, 783.4880, 621.4357, 459.3843 GinsenosideRs1/Rs2/isomer
30 28.65 C55H92O23 1119.5957b 0.5 1077.5479, 945.5371, 783.4766, 621.4918, 459.3737 Ginsenoside Rs1/Rs2/isomer
31 28.86 C51H84O21 1031.5422b 0.1 945.52647, 783.4873, 621.4560, 459.7781 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rd/isomer
32 29.11 C51H84O21 1031.5421b 0.2 945.5331, 783.4842, 621.4179, 459.3679 Malonyl-ginsenoside Rd/isomer
33 29.34 C54H86O24 1117.5417b 1.7 945.5157, 783.4358, 621.4479, 459.3297 PPD-Glc-(Glc-Glc)-2malonyl
34 29.41 C47H80O17 961.8364a 1.5 915.5361, 785.9601, 621.4492, 459.3247 Noto-ginsenoside Fe/vinaginsenoside R16
35 29.58 C54H86O24 1117.5422b 1.3 945.5359, 927.6159, 783.4793, 621.6795 PPD-Glc-(Glc-Glc)-2malonyl
36 29.77 C50H84O19 1033.5579a 1.0 987.5502,945.5998,783.4875, 459.3838 Pseudo-ginsenoside Rc1
37 30.08 C47H80O17 961.5368a 1.0 915.5049, 783.2958, 621.4138, 459.3660 Noto-ginsenoside Fe/vinaginsenoside R16
38 30.26 C50H82O20 1001.5317b 1.0 915.5296, 783.4793, 622.4159, 459.3647 Malonylnoto-ginsenoside Fe
39 32.16 C42H72O13 829.4955a 0.8 621.42671, 459.3097 Ginsenoside F2
40 32.89 C42H66O14 793.4374b 0.8 631.3840, 569.3831, 497.3645, 455.3528 Zingibroside R1
41 33.86 C42H72O13 829.4947a 1.0 637.4154, 475.3612 Ginsenoside Rg3/isomer
42 34.12 C42H72O13 829.4946a 1.1 637.4304,475.3143 Ginsenoside Rg3/isomer
43 34.72 C42H72O14 799.4841b 0.8 734.8464, 621.4331, 542.4661, 481.0309 Ginsenoside Rg7
44 36.44 C42H70O12 811.4843a 0.7 765.4680, 649.9458, 545.0465, 432.8917, 304.9154 Ginsenoside Rg5
45 36.70 C36H62O8 667.4419a 1.2 631.3836, 455.5328, 304.9154 Rh2
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a[M+COOH]−;  b[M − H]−.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The tandem mass spectrum of ginsenosides in the negative ion mode: (a) Rg1; (b) Rb1; (c) Ro; (d) mRb1.

3.2. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of White Ginseng and Extruded White Ginseng

Some researchers obtained chemical profiling data using high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with multivariate statistical analysis [37–41]. The antioxidant activity of EWG was better than that of WG because of the chemical composition changes after extruding [16, 18]. Thus, we used statistical methods to explore the differences in composition. The extract of WG and EWG was analyzed by the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS. After data preprocessing, the dataset was generated and used to conduct multivariate statistical analysis.

Multivariate data analyses were performed to characterize the distinct composition of various chemicals from WG and EWG in detail. As shown in Figure 3(a), the score plot of OPLS-DA were effectively used todistinguishbetween WG and EWG samples. No overfitting was found because the permutation R2 (0.993) and Q2 (0.989) values on the right are higher than those on the left (Figure 3(b)). In the S-plot, the points of the chemical composition that importantly contributed to the variance between WG and EWG were plotted farther along the x-axis and y-axis (Figure 3(c)). In the comparison between WG and EWG, the increased components of WG were shown in the lower left quadrant of S-plot, while the upper right quadrant showed the increased components of EWG. The results showed that three ginsenosides (malonyl (M)-Rb1, M-Rb2, and M-Rc) and three ginsenosides (Rb2, Rc, and Rg1) were elevated in WG and EWG, respectively. In the OPLS-DA and S-plot, different compositions of the chemical were distinguished between WG and EWG.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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The OPLS-DA/permutation test/S-plot of white ginseng and extruded white ginseng in negative ion mode.

In order to visualize the tendency of the variation of the chemical markers of WG and EWG, a heat map was constructed based on the relative intensity of each compound. As shown in Figure 4, color differences indicated the composition change in the WG group and the EWG group. Between the WG and EWG groups , the contents ofginsenoside-Rh2, -Rg3, -Rg1, -F1, -Rb3, -Ra1, -Rg7, -Rc, and Rd in EWG samples were significantly higher. However, the contents of malonylginsenoside-Rb1, -Rc, -Rb3, -Rd, -Rb2, -Rg1, and -Re, and ginsenoside-Re5 in all the WG samples were significantly higher.. This was illustrated in the heating trial, in which the concentration of ginsenosides was affected by the thermal processing condition and the degree of conversion between malonyl and neutral ginsenosides [37, 42, 43]. The results suggested that malonyl-ginsenoside was thermally unstable and especially susceptible to hydrolysis by extruding treatment. The malonyl residue was well preserved in WG because its dehydration was conducted in sunlight without extruding treatment.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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The heat maps visualizing the intensities of the 17 ginsenoside datasets from white ginseng and extruded white ginseng (n = 10) and extruded white ginseng (n = 10).

In the case of crude saponin (some ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rg1, and Rc) and rare saponin (some ginsenosides such as Rh2 and Rg3) content, there was a slight increase after extrusion. The malonyl-ginsenoside is prone to be transformed into ginsenoside due to heat and pressure treatment; the conversion efficiency of the ginsenosides was increased by the extrusion process. The amount of several ginsenosides was increased by the extrusion process because the cell or tissues of ginseng underwent transformations, which allowed easier extraction of these components through the extrusion process. Meanwhile, this result was caused by the weakening of molecular bonds and increased water absorption at the high temperature, pressure, and shear forces involved in the extrusion process.

4. Conclusions

In this study, we perform the chemical comparison of white ginseng before and after extrusion by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to differentiate the chemical components of WG and EWG, and 6 ginsenosides were found as the characteristic chemical markers of the analytical sample. The experimental information will help to supervise the production of each type of processed ginseng product in the herbal medicine market or food industry. Finally, this study verified the application value of this method in the quality evaluation of WG and EWG. It is expected that the established method will be useful for evaluating processed products not only by ginseng samples but also other agricultural and food product processing such as tea, grape, meat, and so on.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (no. 2016YFD0400702), Scientific Research Program of Education Department of Jilin Province of China (no. JJKH20180654KJ), and Scientific Research Startup Fund Program of Jilin Agricultural University (no. 201715), The National Grain Industry Leading Talent Program of China (no. LL2018201).

Contributor Information

Yu-Zhu Wu, Email: 604198532@qq.com.

Jing-Sheng Liu, Email: liujingshengname@163.com.

Data Availability

The data used to support the results of this study are included within the article. Any further information is available from the authors upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Authors' Contributions

All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript. Yun-Long Guo, Yang Wang, Yi-Lin Zhao, Xiu-Ying Xu, Hao Zhang, and Cheng-Bin Zhao conceived the experiments. Ming-Zhu Zheng, Shu-Ying Liu, Yu-Zhu Wu, and Jing-Sheng Liu supervised the study, provided financial support via projects, and wrote the paper.

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Data Availability Statement

The data used to support the results of this study are included within the article. Any further information is available from the authors upon request.

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