Table 3.
Regulatory Impacts of THM compounds for HNSCC Cell Drug Resistance.
| Herbal Compounds | Cell Types | Cellular/Molecular Changes |
|---|---|---|
| Berberine | OC2 (Human oral cancer cells) |
↑Paclitaxel induced cytotoxicity ↓multidrug resistant gene pgp-170 [103] |
| Artesunate | Eca109/Ec9706 (Human esophageal squamous carcinoma) |
↓mitochondrial membrane potential [19] |
| Wogonin | AMC-HN4R/AMC-HN9R (CDDP resistant HNSCC cells) |
↓cell number ↓Nrf2 and glutathione S-transferase P → ROS accumulation↑ →cell death pathways involving PUMA and PARP↑ [105] |
| EGCG | K3, K4 and K5 (Cancer stem cells isolated from HNSCC patients) |
↓sphere forming capacity ↓Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and CD44 ↓ABCC2 and ABCG2 → ↑CDDP mediated chemosensitivity ↓xenografic tumor formation and induced apoptosis## [111] |
| (-)-Gossypol | UM-SCC-5/UM-SCC-10B (CDDP sensitive/resistant HNSCC cells) |
→induced more cell apoptosis in CDDP resistant cells via regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL as well as p53 status [106,107] |
| Galiumverum aqueous extract | Hep-2/HLaC79 (Paclitaxel sensitive/resistant human laryngeal carcinoma) |
↑MDR and p-gp protein expression in resistant cells →more profoundly inhibited 3D spheroid mediated invasion [55] |
| Danshen extract | KB-7D (etoposide resistant) KB-tax (taxol resistant) (Human oral cancer) |
→significantly inhibited the proliferation of drug-resistant cells [112] |
| Celastrol | SAS/SASV16 (vincristine-resistant human tongue squamous carcinoma) |
→G2/M cell cycle arrest ↑caspases-3, -8, -9 and PARP activity → apoptosis →modulating BCL-2 and JNK1/2 signaling activity [113] |
| Cepharanthine (CEP) | Eca109 (CDDP sensitive/resistant human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) In vitro and in vivo ## |
↓P-gp →sensitivity of cell lines resistant to cisplatin↑ [14] |
##: In vivo study. Abbreviations: P-gp: P-glycoprotein; MDR: Multidrug resistance; ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette super –family G member 2; JNK = c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).