Abstract
Background:
Although NOTCH-1 gene mutations were reported to contributes to leukemogenesis in lymphocytic leukemias, its role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. Therefor; this study was designed to determine the prevalence and clinical impact of NOTCH-1 mutations in AML patients.
Materials and Methods:
In the current study, NOTCH-1 gene mutations were identified in Bone Marrow samples obtained from fifty primary AML patients before start of therapy using Sanger sequencing.
Results:
NOTCH-1 gene mutations were detected in 6 out of 50 AML cases (12%). The three mutations were (two mutations C7318A in the Pest domain exon 34); (another 2 in the Pest domain Del 7,344, ins C7349, G7356A and the last ones in the HD-N exon-26 (Del A4609). The clinical findings in the mutant AML (mu AML) patients did not significantly different as compared to the un mutated (unmut) AML patients. There is significant association between CD7 aberrant expression and NOTCH-1 mutations. The complete remission was significantly higher in unmut AML cases as compared to mut AML ones (P=0.024). Multivariate (Age; Gender; Bone Marrow Blast cells; NOTCH-1 mutations) Cox regression analysis revealed that NOTCH-1 mutation is an independent risk factor for AML overall survival (P<0.001). The OS in unmut AML group (21.2 months) was significantly longer as compared to mut AML one (1.2 months) (P<0.001).
Conclusion:
Our data indicate that NOTCH-1 gene mutations were detected in 12% of AML patients. These mutations displayed bad clinical outcome on AML patients. Therapeutic targeting of NOTCH-1 could be a potentially effective approach to combat master oncogenic drivers in AML.
Key Words: NOTCH-1, mutations, AML, overall survival
Introduction
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by impaired differentiation and increased proliferation of myeloid progenitors (blasts) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults, accounting for ~80 percent of cases in this group. Recent studies have revealed that the disorder arises from a series of recurrent hematopoietic stem cell genetic alterations accumulated with age (Sun et al., 2016).
Genetic alterations of genes in the NOTCH pathway have been noted in human malignancies both in hematopoietic and solid tumors. Most genetic alterations of NOTCH receptors in malignancies are observed in the NOTCH-1 gene (Mao , 2016). NOTCH-1 is a highly conserved and fundamental signaling system that mediates cell–cell interactions during animal development through highly context-dependent and cell-type-dependent effects on cell growth, fate determination and survival. Aberrations in NOTCH-1 signaling or components of the signaling system underlie various human diseases including carcinogenesis ((Mao , 2016; Zheng et al., 2016).
NOTCH-1 encodes a transmembrane receptor which act as a ligand activated transcription factor. NOTCH-1 signaling initiates when the ligand, from either the Jagged or Delta families, binds to the receptor and induces successive proteolytic cleavages, resulting in the release and nuclear translocation of the NOTCH-1 intra-cellular domain (NICD). Inside the nucleus, the NICD assembles a transcriptional complex which interacts with the transcription factor CBF1/RBP-Jk, leading to de-repression/activation of CBF1- dependent target genes.18–20 Several members of the hairy/ enhancer of split (Hes) family of the basic helix–loop–helix proteins including HES1 are direct NOTCH1/CBF1 transcriptional targets. Besides this canonical pathway, NOTCH1 also activates Deltex1 (DTX1), which binds to the ankyrin repeats of the NICD, likely antagonizing CBF1 binding (Arruga et al., 2014).
The NOTCH-1 pathway is involved in chronic lymphocytic development (Aref et al., 2020) development and recurrent activating mutations in NOTCH-1 contribute to T-lymphoblastic leukemias (Francis et al., 2017). NOTCH-1 could be more expressed and activated in bone marrow, and such activation could be critical to mediate AML chemoresistance. NOTCH-1 mutation leading to drug resistance and associated with relapsed/refractory AML (Takam Kamga et al., 2016). Other studies have described the involvement of NOTCH-1 in microenvironment-mediated chemoresistance (Pisklakova et al., 2016). These results suggest that NOTCH signaling inhibition, by overcoming the stromal-mediated promotion of chemoresistance, may represent a potential therapeutic target for AML (Takam Kamga et al., 2016). In spite of that NOTCH-1 signaling is actively involved in the regulation of myeloid development, its role in the myeloid leukemogenesis is less clear due to conflicting reports.
The aim of the current study was designed to determine the prevalence and clinical impact of NOTCH-1 mutations among a cohort of AML Egyptian patients
Materials and Methods
Patients and methods
Patients
The current study was carried out on 50 patients with acute myeloid leukemia recruitment at Mansoura university oncology center in the period between 2014 - 2017. The age of the patients ranged from 24 to 59 years (24 females and 26 males). The AML diagnosis was based on the morphological, immunophenotyping and cytogenic basis.
Ethical committee approval and informed consents were obtained from all included subjects. Adult patients with AML, were treated with 3 + 7 protocol consists of 3 days doxorubicin (45mg/m2) and 7 days cytarabine (100 - 200 mg/m2 IV continuous infusion over 24 hours). The mean follows up time of the studied AML patients was 24 months. The Clinical and laboratory data were recorded for every one case.
Definition of complete remission (CR)
CR in AML has been defined using the following criteria developed by an International Working Group
- Normal values for absolute neutrophil count (>1,000/μL) and platelet count (>100,000/μL), and independence from red cell transfusion.
- A bone marrow biopsy that reveals no clusters or collections of blast cells.
- Extramedullary leukemia (eg, central nervous system or soft tissue involvement) must be absent.
Inclusion criteria
Patients with newly diagnosed primary AML
Adult AML (age more than 18 years and less than 60 years).
Exclusion criteria
Promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
Secondary AML
Methods
All patients were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination, and abdominal ultrasonography, routine laboratory Investigations (complete blood count, liver function tests, creatinine, lactic dehydrogenase, bone marrow aspiration, cytochemical stains, cytogenetic analysis and immunophenotyping) and specific investigation which includes NOTCH-1 gene mutations detection by sanger sequencing method using ABI sequencer.
NOTCH-1 gene mutations analysis
The DNA was extracted using TRIzol agent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) from Fresh bone marrow samples. Then DNA amplification was done using PCR. The amplified target includes heterodimerization (HD) domain (exon 26), exon 34 (TAD domain) and exon 34 (pest domain) of NOTCH-1 gene. The DNA amplification was done using the following primer pairs: Exon 26 FW: 5-GGAAGGCGGCCTGAGCGTGTC-3; exon 26 RV: 5-ATTGACCGTGGGCGCCGGGTC-3; exon 34 FW1: 5-CTGGCCTTTGAGACTGGC-3; exon 34 RV1: 5-GCTGAGCTCACGCCAAGGT-3; exon 34 FW2: 5-CAGATGCAGCAGCAGAACCTG-3; and exon 34 RV2: 5-AAAGGAAGCCGGGGTCTCGT-3. Cycling conditions were 35 cycles with annealing temperature 67.5º for exon 26, 63º for exon 34 TAD and 64º for exon 34 PEST domain.
NOTCH-1 gene mutations detection
The resultant PCR products were purified on Qiagen columns (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA) and sequenced by NOTCH-1 primers on ABI Prism 3700 DNA Analyzer using BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis of data was done using excel program (Microsoft Office 2013) and SPSS (statistical package for social science) program (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL) version 20. Qualitative data were presented as frequency and percentage. Chi square and Fishers exact tests were used to compare groups. Quantitative data were presented by mean, SD or median and range. Comparisons between two groups were done using t-test or Man Whitney (for non-parametric). Kaplan-Meier curve was used to assess the overall survival and the log-rank test was used to compare the survival between the groups. To determine hazard ratios (HR) the Cox proportional hazard model (Cox-regression) was used. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Basic clinical data of AML patients’ group
AML cases showed different clinical presentations at diagnosis; the most common was bleeding manifestations (76%), followed by fatigue (64%), pallor (56%), fever/infection (48%), weight loss (40%), lymphadenopathy (28%), splenomegaly (20%), hepatomegaly (16%) and the least presentation was CNS infiltration (12%). AML cases were classified according to FAB classification; 20% were M2, 56% were M4, 20% were M5, 4% were M6 and M3 cases was excluded (Table 1).
Table 1.
Clinical and Laboratory Data in Wild and Mutated NOTCH-1 Gene AML Patients
| AML patients with wild NOTCH-1 (n=44) No (%) |
AML patients with Mutated NOTCH-1 (n=6) No (%) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Splenomegaly | 6 (13.6) | 4 (66.7) | 0.091 |
| Hepatomegaly | 6 (13.6) | 2 (33.3) | 0.422 |
| Lymphadenopathy | 14 (31.8) | 0 (0) | 0.534 |
| CNS infiltration | 4 (9.1) | 2 (33.3) | 0.33 |
| Positive HCV antibodies | 6 (13.6) | 4 (66.7) | 0.091 |
| FAB | |||
| M2 | 10 (22.7) | 0 (0) | 0.285 |
| M4 | 26 (59.1) | 2 (33.3) | |
| M5 | 6 (13.6) | 4 (66.7) | |
| M6 | 2 (4.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Aberrant CD7 | 1 (4.5) | 2 (66.7) | 0.18 |
Categorical data are expressed as number, percentage; compared using Fisher exact test.
NOTCH-1 Gene mutations status detection in studied AML patients’ group
AML patients display NOTCH-1 mutations in 6 cases out of 50 (12%). Two mutant cases were detected in the heterodimerization (HD) domain (exon 26) and 4 mutant cases were found in the proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine-rich (PEST) domain (exon 34) of the NOTCH-1 receptor which were all predicted to result in enhanced NOTCH-1 signaling. Nucleotide and amino acid changes are shown in Table (2); Figure 1.
Table 2.
NOTCH-1 Gene Mutations Variants and Distributions in the Studied AML Cases
| Detected 6 mutations |
Domain | Nucleotide change | Amino acid change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Two mutations | Pest domain, exon 34 | C7318A | Q2441k |
| One mutation | Del 7344, insC7349, G7356A | S2450-2451A | |
| One mutations | C7550T | P2518L | |
| One mutations | HD-N exon 26 | G5011A | V1672I |
| One mutation | Del A4609 | C1537L k1538Q |
Figure 1.
Showed Sequencing Results for Pest Domain, exon 34 in Case Number One
Impact of NOTCH-1 Gene mutations on AML laboratory findings
No significant differences were found in blood counts data and FAB subtypes between wild and mutant NOTCH-1 groups in all studied AML groups. NOTCH-1 mutated AML cases were associated with adverse cytogenetic risk, with significant association between cytogenetic risk and NOTCH-1 mutations in studied AML patients (Table 3).
Table 3.
Association between Cytogenetic Findings and NOTCH-1 Gene Mutations in the Studied AML Patients
| Cytogenetic findings |
Mutated NOTCH-1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| type | No | No | |
| I | Recurrent cytogenic abnormalities [t (8, 21), Inv16, t(16, 16)] | 20 | 0 |
| II | Normal cytogenetic | 20 | 0 |
| III | Adverse cytogenetic [(-5,-7) , 11qr, Complex karyotyping] | 10 | 6 |
Relation between NOTCH-1 Gene mutations and response to therapy
Thirty-four cases of studied AML cases achieved CR (68%), 16 cases failed to achieve CR (32%), 10 were refractory (20%) and 6 died during induction therapy (12%). Those who achieved CR, 12 cases continued CR (70.6%) and 5 cases relapsed (29.4%). AML patients with NOTCH-1 mutations failed to achieve CR, with significant difference from those with wild NOTCH-1. Mutant NOTCH-1 cases were significantly associated with death in aplasia. All studied mutant NOTCH-1 cases died during the study period, whereas, more than two third of wild NOTCH-1 cases still alive by the end of the study, with statistically significant difference.
Analysis for overall survival of AML patients
During the entire period of the study (24 months), 18 cases died (36%), while 32 were alive (64%). All mutated NOTCH-1 cases died during the study period, their mean overall survival (OS) was 2.6 months. Whereas, the mean OS for AML patients with wild NOTCH-1 cases was 21.2 months. Mutant NOTCH-1 cases showed significantly shorter OS when compared to AML patients with wild type (P<0.001). All AML patients with mutant NOTCH-1 were refractory or died during induction therapy, therefore no DFS was calculated for them (Tables 4, 5 and Figure 2).
Table 4.
Clinical Outcome in Mutated versus Unmutated AML Patients
| Wild NOTCH-1 | Mutated NOTCH-1 |
P
value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| (n=44) | (n=6) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Complete remission | 34 (77.3) | 0 (0) | 0.029 |
| Refractory disease | 8 (18.2) | 2 (33.3) | |
| Induction death | 2 (4.5) | 4 (66.7) | |
| Complete remission | 34 (77.3) | 0 (0) | 0.024 |
| Failure of CR | 10 (22.7) | 6 (100) | |
| Alive | 32 (72.7) | 0 (0) | 0.037 |
| Dead | 12 (27.3) | 6 (100) |
CR, Complete remission; Categorical data are expressed as number, percentage; compared using Fisher exact test
Table 5.
Impact of NOTCH-1 Gene Mutations on AML Overall Survival
| NOTCH-1 unmutated AML patients (N=44) |
NOTCH-1 mutated AML patients (N=6) |
P
value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Two-years Cumulative OS* (%) |
65.50% | 0% | <0.001 |
| Months (95 % CI**) | 21.2 (18.6-23.9) | 1.2 (0.2-2.9) |
*OS, overall survival; **CI, confidence interval; P value, <0.001(AML with wild NOTCH-1 vs those with mutated NOTCH-1)
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve Displaying a Significant Difference between AML Patients with Mutated NOTCH-1 Gene (n = 6) and Those with Unmutated ones (n = 44) (p = 0.001).
Cox proportional hazard of the clinical and laboratory data on the AML patient’s outcome
Cox regression analysis was conducted for prediction of OS within studied AML cases, using age, gender, clinical, laboratory, FAB subtypes, immunophenotyping and Notch mutation as covariates. The significant parameters in univariable analysis were introduce in multivariable. NOTCH-1 mutations were considered as poor prognostic factor for prediction of shorter OS within studied AML cases (Table 6).
Table 6.
Cox Proportional Hazard Model for Prediction of OS within Studied AML Cases
| Parameters | P value | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age <40years vs ≥40 years | 0.2 | 1.032 | 1.083 | 0.983 |
| Gender Male vs Female | 0.661 | 1.343 | 5.012 | 0.36 |
| Total leucocytic count (X109/L) ≥50,000/cmm Vs<50,000 /cmm | 0.609 | 0.998 | 1.007 | 0.988 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) <10 g/dl Vs≥10g/dl | 0.554 | 1.129 | 1.687 | 0.756 |
| Platelet count (X109/L) ≥50,000/cmm Vs<50,000/cmm | 0.391 | 1.001 | 1.004 | 0.998 |
| Peripheral blasts (%) Positive Vs Negative | 0.294 | 0.986 | 1.012 | 0.961 |
| BM Blast (%) ≥50% Vs <50% | 0.348 | 0.989 | 1.012 | 0.966 |
| Infection Positive vs Negative | 0.668 | 1.337 | 5.031 | 0.355 |
| Bleeding manifestation Positive vs Negative | 0.71 | 1.348 | 6.52 | 0.279 |
| Splenomegaly Positive vs Negative | 0.60 | 1.524 | 7.359 | 0.316 |
| Hepatomegaly Positive vs Negative | 0.315 | 2.26 | 11.091 | 0.46 |
| Lymphadenopathy Positive vs Negative | 0.269 | 0.31 | 2.478 | 0.039 |
| CNS infiltration Positive vs Negative | 0.221 | 2.679 | 12.975 | 0.553 |
| FAB (M0, M1, M2, M4, M5) | 0.182 | 1.587 | 3.126 | 0.806 |
| NOTCH1 mutations Wild vs Mutated AML | 0.001 | 5.287 | 22.265 | 1.028 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
Discussion
In the current study NOTCH-1 gene mutations were detected in 6 out of 50 (12%) AML patients. The previous reports demonstrated that the NOTCH-1 mutations in AML patients ranged from zero up to 8.3% (Tohda, 2014; Kim et al., 2009). This prevalence was different from those reported in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, in which more than half the cases displayed NOTCH-1 mutations (Aref et al., 2020a; Aref et al., 2020b; Tohda, 2014).
All patients with NOTCH-1 mutations were detected in M4 and M5 AML FAB subtypes. This finding was in consistent with that reported by previous researchers who detected NOTCH-1 mutation in different FAB subtypes (M1, M3, M4 and M5a) (Kannan et al., 2013).
In addition, NOTCH-1 mutation was detected in cell line derived from an AML M5 patient at relapse and M4 cell line (Takam Kamga et al., 2019). NOTCH-1 mutations have also been described in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) (Klinakis et al., 2011). The recombinant NOTCH-1 ligand proteins could alter AML blast cells into macrophage-like cells morphologically (Yatim et al., 2012). However, other studies supported that NOTCH-1 mutations were associated with AML without morphological maturation (M0 or M1) (Takam Kamga et al., 2019; Noronha et al., 2019; Kannan et al., 2013; Sliwa et al., 2014; Lutherborrow et al., 2014). This difference was attributed to rare prevalence in NOTCH-1 mutations in AML, and the fact that NOTCH-1 signaling inhibited a monocytic/granulocytic differentiation program in an early multipotent progenitor (Takam Kamga et al., 2019; Lobry et al., 2014).
Further examination of AML patients in the present study revealed enlargement of the spleen in 4 out of 6 mutant NOTCH-1 patients. This may be due to extramedullary hematopoiesis as they were FAB M4 and M5.
Bone marrow blasts in our mutant NOTCH-1 AML patients showed wide variation, it ranged from 40 to 90% (Kannan et al., 2013). Similar finding was reported by previous studies which stated that bone marrow blasts in NOTCH-1 mutant AML patients was ranged between 68 and 97% (Kannan et al., 2013).
Four out of 6 AML cases in the present study showed aberrant expression of CD7. This was in consistent with previous reports which was reported that CD7 was consistently highly expressed in all mutant NOTCH-1 AML specimens (Takam Kamga et al., 2019). Others showed significant correlation between NOTCH-1 hyperexpression and aberrant expression of CD7 (Sliwa et al., 2014). CD7, is known to be expressed by a considerable proportion of immature AMLs (Estey, 2012).
The previously reported mutations occur mostly in the heterodimerization (HD) domain (exon 26, 27) and proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine-rich (PEST) domain (exon 34) of the NOTCH 1 receptor (Noronha et al., 2019; Hales et al., 2014), which were all predicted to result in enhanced NOTCH-1 signaling (Steinbuck and Winandy, 2018; Malecki et al., 2006). Four out of 6 cases with NOTCH-1 mutant AML cases in the present study were detected in PEST domain and the other 2 cases were detected in HD domain. This agreed with previous studies (Tohda, 2014; Noronha et al., 2019; Shiba et al., 2010).
Five AML cases displayed NOTCH-1 gene mutations in the current study have adverse cytogenetic data. This finding claimed that NOTCH-1 mutations might be a bad prognostic marker in AML cases. However, others reported that NOTCH-1 expression may be a relevant prognostic marker in intermediate risk AML (Xu et al., 2011). The association of NOTCH-1 mutations with adverse cytogenetic risk may be due to common dysregulation that affect DNA repair and stem-cell maintenance or certain aberrations in the stroma-microenvironment which might influence the evolution of malignant conditions and exhibit distinct genotypic and phenotypic features.
In the present study AML patients have NOTCH-1 mutations express failure of CR. This may be due to conventional chemotherapies, often become ineffective due to the heterogeneity of leukemia cells (Desai, 2015). While others showed similar outcome associated with NOTCH-1 mutation in adult AML (Zhou, 2012). On the other hand, Pediatric studies, showed an excellent outcome in NOTCH-1 mutated AML patients (Gao et al., 2014; Yeh et al., 2016).
The difference in outcome association with NOTCH-1 could be due to small number of mutant NOTCH-1 patients in each study, association of comorbidities, different race and different treatment protocols.
In our study, mutant NOTCH-1 cases showed significantly shorter OS when compared to those with wild NOTCH-1 cases. As all mutated NOTCH-1 cases were refractory or died during induction therapy, no DFS was calculated for them. Cox regression analysis was conducted for prediction of OS within studied AML cases, using age, gender, BM blasts, NOTCH-1 mutation as covariates. NOTCH-1 mutations were considered as poor prognostic factor for prediction of shorter OS within studied AML cases. Association between inferior outcome and NOTCH-1 mutations or hyperexpression was also noticed by many authors in human samples (Kannan et al., 2013; Sliwa et al., 2014; Lutherborrow et al., 2014; Lobry et al., 2018; Czemerska et al., 2015; Kamga et al., 2018). This might be explained on the basis that NOTCH-1 mutations lead to truncation of the C-terminal PEST domain which result in decreased degradation of intracellular portion of NOTCH-1 receptor and consequently higher NOTCH-1 signaling (De Falco et al., 2018).
Based on our findings we conclude that the frequency of NOTCH-1 gene mutations among AML patients was 12% and that AML patients harbored NOTCH-1 gene mutation displayed bad clinical outcome. Wide scale studies are recommended in order to validate the results detected in the present study.
Acknowledgments
The present study is the result of MSc thesis of the postgraduate student, Dr. Wafaa Fakhry and approved by ethical committee of Mansoura Faculty of Medicine. The authors would like to thank the technicians in the Molecular Hematology laboratory at Mansoura University Oncology Center (MUOC) laboratories.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no any conflict of interest.
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