Since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, patients with diabetes were rapidly recognized as a high-risk population for severe disease. Indeed, a high prevalence of diabetes among patients with COVID-19 who required hospitalization has been consistently reported, reaching 33.8% in 5,700 people hospitalized for COVID-19 in the New York City area (1). In addition, diabetes was associated with more than a doubled risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and more than a tripled risk of death (2). However, precise data regarding the type of diabetes are scarce. We report here the clinical characteristics and early prognosis of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) hospitalized for COVID-19 in the nationwide multicenter observational CORONADO (Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes Outcomes) study (3).
The aim of the CORONADO study was to describe the phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of patients with diabetes admitted with COVID-19 between 10 March and 10 April 2020 in 68 French hospitals. The protocol (ClinicalTrials.gov reg. no. NCT04324736) obtained all regulatory approvals as recently described (3). Inclusion criteria were 1) hospitalization for biologically and/or clinically/radiologically attested COVID-19 and 2) personal history of diabetes or newly diagnosed diabetes on admission. The composite primary end point combined tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation and/or death on day 7 (D7). Secondary outcomes included death, tracheal intubation, and discharge on D7. Classification of diabetes was recorded in the electronic case report form as noted in the medical file by the physician in charge of the patient. In the present subanalysis, patients in whom diabetes was diagnosed on admission were excluded since the etiological diagnosis had not been formally established. All cases noted as T1D were carefully reviewed by local investigators and the steering committee based on clinical and biological information. As an additional control, we applied the ENTRED (Échantillon National Témoin Représentatif des Personnes Diabétiques) study algorithm (4) and systematically reviewed diabetes classification of all individuals diagnosed under 45 years of age and treated with insulin within 2 years of diagnosis.
Among the patients with previously established diabetes and with data availability for the primary outcome (n = 2,608), 56 had T1D (2.1%). Their main clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1, with male predominance (55.4%), mean (± SD) age of 56.0 (± 16.4) years, and median (25th; 75th percentile) BMI of 25.8 (22.5; 29.9) kg/m2. In patients with T1D, 13 (23.2%) met the primary outcome, 11 (19.6%) required tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation, 3 (5.4%) died, and 9 (16.1%) were discharged on D7, compared with 657/2,373 (27.7%), 436/2,373 (18.4%), 251/2,373 (10.6%), and 483/2,363 (20.4%) in patients with T2D, respectively. As shown in Table 1, patients with T1D who met the primary outcome were older (65.3 vs. 53.2 years, P = 0.026) and more frequently hypertensive (odds ratio [OR] 5.21 [95% CI 1.24–21.9], P = 0.024) than the others. Hypertension was no longer associated with the primary outcome after adjustment for age (OR 3.33 [95% CI 0.71–15.5], P = 0.13). In order to further determine the impact of age on COVID-19 severity in people with T1D and type 2 diabetes (T2D), we analyzed the occurrence of major clinical outcomes on D7 by age strata (<55, 55–74, and ≥75 years) (Table 2). As expected, patients with T1D were significantly younger than those with T2D (56.0 ± 16.4 vs. 70.5 ± 12.5 years, P < 0.0001). In patients <55 years of age, those with T1D met the primary outcome three time less than those with T2D, without such a difference in those ≥75 years.
Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of CORONADO participants with T1D according to the primary outcome (tracheal intubation and/or death on D7)
| Primary outcome on day 7 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No adjustment | Adjusted on age | |||||||
| Clinical features | Available data (N) | All | No (N = 43) | Yes (N = 13) | OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value |
| Sex (female/male) | 56 | 25/56 (44.6) | 20/43 (46.5) | 5/13 (38.5) | 0.72 (0.20–2.55) | 0.6097 | 0.73 (0.19–2.78) | 0.6415 |
| Age (years) | 56 | 56.0 ± 16.4 | 53.2 ± 15.5 | 65.3 ± 16.3 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.0260 | NA | — |
| Age (categories) | 0.0664 | NA | — | |||||
| <55 years | 25/56 (44.6) | 22/43 (51.2) | 3/13 (23.1) | 1 (ref.) | ||||
| 55–74 years | 21/56 (37.5) | 16/43 (37.2) | 5/13 (38.5) | 2.29 (0.48–11.0) | 0.3004 | NA | — | |
| ≥75 years | 10/56 (17.9) | 5/43 (11.6) | 5/13 (38.5) | 7.33 (1.30–41.4) | 0.0240 | NA | — | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 50 | 26.0 [15.0; 39.5] | 25.0 [15.0; 34.5] | 40.0 [20.5; 52.0] | 1.22 (0.57–2.62) | 0.6071 | 0.78 (0.34–1.76) | 0.5457 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 52 | 25.8 [22.5; 29.8] | 25.1 [22.3; 29.5] | 26.3 [23.5; 32.0] | 1.45 (0.75–2.80) | 0.2706 | 1.91 (0.86–4.23) | 0.1102 |
| Obesity (yes) | 52 | 13/52 (25.0) | 9/40 (22.5) | 4/12 (33.3) | 1.72 (0.42–7.06) | 0.4502 | 2.34 (0.50–11.0) | 0.2805 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 41 | 68.3 [59.6; 80.3] | 73.2 [62.3; 82.0] | 65.0 [53.0; 68.3] | 0.52 (0.23–1.18) | 0.1174 | 0.48 (0.19–1.21) | 0.1188 |
| HbA1c (%) | 41 | 8.4 [7.6; 9.5] | 8.8 [7.9; 9.7] | 8.1 [7.0; 8.4] | 0.50 (0.21–1.18) | 0.1126 | 0.46 (0.17–1.21) | 0.1149 |
| Long-term diabetes complications | ||||||||
| Microvascular complications | 51 | 25/51 (49.0) | 18/38 (47.4) | 7/13 (53.8) | 1.30 (0.37–4.58) | 0.6871 | 1.01 (0.26–3.89) | 0.9942 |
| Severe diabetic retinopathy | 52 | 19/52 (36.5) | 14/40 (35.0) | 5/12 (41.7) | 1.33 (0.35–4.96) | 0.6745 | 1.19 (0.30–4.76) | 0.8065 |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 49 | 14/49 (28.6) | 10/36 (27.8) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1.16 (0.29–4.62) | 0.8379 | 0.71 (0.15–3.44) | 0.6712 |
| Macrovascular complications | 52 | 17/52 (32.7) | 13/39 (33.3) | 4/13 (30.8) | 0.89 (0.23–3.44) | 0.8645 | 0.47 (0.10–2.07) | 0.3156 |
| Ischemic heart disease (ACS/CAR) | 54 | 13/54 (24.1) | 9/41 (22.0) | 4/13 (30.8) | 1.58 (0.39–6.35) | 0.5190 | 0.90 (0.20–4.07) | 0.8901 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (stroke or TIA) | 55 | 5/55 (9.1) | 3/42 (7.1) | 2/13 (15.4) | 2.36 (0.35–16.0) | 0.3775 | 1.13 (0.15–8.44) | 0.9028 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 54 | 26/54 (48.1) | 16/41 (39.0) | 10/13 (76.9) | 5.21 (1.24–21.9) | 0.0242 | 3.33 (0.71–15.5) | 0.1259 |
| Dyslipidemia | 55 | 27/55 (49.1) | 19/42 (45.2) | 8/13 (61.5) | 1.94 (0.54–6.91) | 0.3083 | 0.99 (0.24–4.18) | 0.9945 |
| Tobacco use (former or current vs. never) | 48 | 18/48 (37.5) | 13/37 (35.1) | 5/11 (45.5) | 1.54 (0.39–6.03) | 0.5363 | 0.91 (0.20–4.09) | 0.9035 |
| Active cancer | 56 | 6/56 (10.7) | 3/43 (7.0) | 3/13 (23.1) | 4.00 (0.70–22.9) | 0.1192 | 2.24 (0.36–14.0) | 0.3876 |
| COPD | 54 | 2/54 (3.7) | 1/42 (2.4) | 1/12 (8.3) | 3.73 (0.22–64.5) | 0.3657 | 3.93 (0.18–84.6) | 0.3824 |
| Treated OSA | 52 | 6/52 (11.5) | 4/40 (10.0) | 2/12 (16.7) | 1.80 (0.29–11.3) | 0.5304 | 1.59 (0.24–10.5) | 0.6323 |
| Routine treatment before admission | ||||||||
| Metformin | 56 | 7/56 (12.5) | 4/43 (9.3) | 3/13 (23.1) | 2.92 (0.56–15.2) | 0.2024 | 2.93 (0.51–16.7) | 0.2270 |
| Insulin pump (yes/no) | 53 | 6/53 (11.3) | 4/40 (10.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | 1.64 (0.26–10.2) | 0.5972 | 3.15 (0.41–24.3) | 0.2706 |
| Insulin (daily dose) | 45 | 41 [25; 60] | 41 [26; 55] | 42 [21; 77] | 1.29 (0.63–2.66) | 0.4877 | 1.61 (0.70–3.69) | 0.2583 |
| ARBs and/or ACE inhibitors | 56 | 22/56 (39.3) | 15/43 (34.9) | 7/13 (53.8) | 2.18 (0.62–7.66) | 0.2252 | 1.69 (0.44–6.39) | 0.4426 |
| Statins | 56 | 23/56 (41.1) | 16/43 (37.2) | 7/13 (53.8) | 1.97 (0.56–6.90) | 0.2895 | 1.28 (0.33–4.91) | 0.7189 |
Data are presented as numbers (%), mean ± SD, or, if not normally distributed, median [25th; 75th percentile]. P values are calculated using Wald test in logistic regression model before/after adjustment on age. BMI, diabetes duration, HbA1c, and insulin (daily dose) were natural-log transformed before OR calculation, and the OR are calculated for an increase of 1 SD. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; ARB, angiotensin 2 receptor blocker; CAR, coronary artery revascularization; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; TIA, transient ischemic attack. HBA1c corresponds to the HBA1c value determined in the 6 months prior to or in the first 7 days following hospital admission. Microvascular complications were defined as severe diabetic retinopathy (proliferative retinopathy and/or laser photocoagulation and/or clinically significant macular edema requiring laser and/or intravitreal injections) and/or diabetic kidney disease (proteinuria [albumin excretion rate ≥300 mg/24 h; urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g; urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >30 mg/mmol creatinine; proteinuria ≥500 mg/24 h] and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m2, using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI] formula) and/or history of diabetic foot ulcer. Macrovascular complications were defined as ischemic heart disease (ACS and/or CAR) and/or cerebrovascular disease (stroke or TIA) and/or peripheral artery disease (amputation owing to ischemic disease and/or lower-limb artery revascularization).
Table 2.
Clinical outcomes on D7 in patients with T1D and patients with T2D, according to age strata
| T1D (n = 56) | T2D (n = 2,373) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome | Tracheal intubation | Death | Primary outcome | Tracheal intubation | Death | |
| All | 13/56 (23.2) | 11/56 (19.6) | 3/56 (5.4) | 657/2,373 (27.7) | 436/2,373 (18.4) | 251/2,373 (10.6) |
| Age subgroups | ||||||
| <55 years | 3/25 (12.0) | 3/25 (12.0) | 0/25 (0) | 78/256 (30.5) | 76/256 (29.7) | 5/256 (2.0) |
| 55–74 years | 5/21 (23.8) | 5/21 (23.8) | 1/21 (4.8) | 333/1,168 (28.5) | 290/1,168 (24.8) | 62/1,168 (5.3) |
| ≥75 years | 5/10 (50.0) | 3/10 (30.0) | 2/10 (20.0) | 246/949 (25.9) | 70/949 (7.4) | 184/949 (19.4) |
Data are number of events/total number of participants (%).
For the first time, we show a prevalence of T1D among patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19 (2.1%) that is lower than expected in the general population. Indeed, a previous epidemiological study in the general population reported that T1D accounts for 5.6% of people with diabetes in France (5). Notably, such a low prevalence of T1D among patients admitted with COVID-19 is primarily observed in people <55 years (7.8% in CORONADO vs. 23.2% in the French general population [5]). In addition, early severity of COVID-19 in patients with T1D was mainly influenced by age, with no deaths occurring in patients <65 years. Hypertension was associated with the severity of COVID-19 prognosis, but this association was partly driven by age. Finally, neither long-term glucose control assessed by HbA1c nor history of micro- or macrovascular complications was identified as a risk factor of early COVID-19 severity in inpatients with T1D. Importantly, the severity of COVID-19 appeared less marked in patients with T1D than in those with T2D, with half the risk of death on D7. This lower severity is prominent in the younger group, mostly due to a reduced rate of tracheal intubation. Obesity, more frequent in patients with T2D (55.1% vs. 34.8% for T1D in subjects <55 years), might explain this poorer prognosis, but this will deserve further studies.
While our paper was under review, a National Health Service (NHS) population cohort study including 61,414,470 individuals in England showed that people with T1D (n = 263,830; 0.4%) exhibited an increased risk of in-hospital death due to COVID-19 compared with those without known diabetes (OR 3.50 [95% CI 3.15–3.89], after adjustment for age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, and geographical region). The apparent discrepancy regarding the severity of COVID-19 between the two studies could be explained by some differences in anthropometric characteristics of people with T1D between the two countries (i.e., patients with T1D have a lower BMI in France compared with England) but also by differences in study design (medico-administrative vs. investigator-checked data). In accordance with the strong impact of the age on the severity of COVID-19 in T1D, the NHS study reported no deaths in patients younger than 50 years (n = 142,440) (6).
Our study displays some limitations. Only inpatients were recruited, and the results cannot be generalized to people with T1D and less severe forms of COVID-19. In addition, we did not directly compare patients with T1D with matched subjects without diabetes. The size of our study population is limited, and the results should be replicated in other larger studies and/or meta-analyses.
In conclusion, among patients with diabetes requiring hospitalization for COVID-19, the present data suggest a lower risk of severe prognosis in those with T1D, especially in the younger ones.
Article Information
Acknowledgments. The authors thank Sandrine Fosse-Edorh from Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France, who shared her precious insights regarding the results of the ENTRED study. The authors also thank the sponsor (Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU Nantes), the Clinical Project Manager (M. Saignes) and assistant (J. Saunier), Clinical Research Associates (S. El Andaloussi, J. Martin-Gauthier, E. Rebouilleau), and data managers (B. Guyomarc’h, T. Roman). They are grateful to P. Tucker (Trets, France) for editing the manuscript. The authors acknowledge all medical staff involved in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COVID-19 in participating centers and thank all of the general practitioners, specialists, pharmacists, and biological laboratories responsible for hospitalized patients for providing additional medical information to investigators. The authors thank the Société Francophone du Diabète (SFD) and Société Française d’Endocrinologie for disseminating the study design and organization and the Fédération Française des Diabétiques (FFD) for participating in the organization of the study.
Funding. This study received the following funding: Fondation Francophone de Recherche sur le Diabète (FFRD) supported by Novo Nordisk, Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Abbott, AstraZeneca, Lilly and FFD – CORONADO initiative emergency grant; SFD – CORONADO initiative emergency grant; Air Liquide Healthcare international CORONADO emergency grant; Programme hospitalier de recherche clinique (PHRC) National COVID-19 Hospitalization and Care Organization Division as part of the Hospital Clinical Research Program (PHRC COVID-19-20-0138). All research facilities are acknowledged for providing research associates and research technicians for clinical investigations pro bono.
The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report.
Duality of Interest. M.W. reports personal fees from Novo Nordisk. P.G. reports grants or personal fees from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, MSD, Mundipharma, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Servier. L.L. reports personal fees from Eli Lilly. O.B. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. P.D. reports personal fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, MSD, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. M.P. reports nonfinancial support or personal fees from Amgen, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. L.P. reports personal fees or nonfinancial support from Eli Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. J.-F.G. reports personal fees and nonfinancial support from AstraZeneca, Gilead, Eli Lilly, and Novo Nordisk. S.H. reports grants, nonfinancial support, or personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dinno Santé, Eli Lilly, LVL, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre Santé, Sanofi, Servier, and Valbiotis. B.C. reports grants, nonfinancial support, or personal fees from Abbott, Amgen, Akcea, AstraZeneca, Pierre Fabre, Genfit, Gilead, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron, and Sanofi. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Author Contributions. M.W., P.G., S.H., and B.C. designed the study. P.G., L.L., D.S.-B., O.B., P.D., C.A., M.P., L.P., C.T., J-F.G., S.H., and B.C. participated in patient recruitment. M.W. performed the statistical analyses. M.W., P.G., M.P., S.H., and B.C. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors performed a critical revision of the manuscript and significantly contributed to the final version. B.C. and M.W. are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Footnotes
Clinical trial reg. no. NCT04324736, clinicaltrials.gov
This article contains supplementary material online at https://doi.org/10.2337/figshare.12728246.
This article is part of a special article collection available at https://care.diabetesjournals.org/collection/diabetes-and-COVID19.
Contributor Information
Collaborators: CORONADO investigators, Matthieu Wargny, Pascale Mahot, Bertrand Cariou, Samy Hadjadj, Matthieu Pichelin, Anne-Laure Fournier-Guilloux, Nicolas Mauduit, Edith Bigot-Corbel, Anne-Sophie Boureau, Laure De Dekcer, Audrey Ernould, Claire Primot, Anne Seguin, Marielle Joliveau, Sonia Pouvreau, Chloé Fournier, Jeremy Thureau, Edith Fonteneau, Pamela Hublain, Carole Agasse, Mathilde De Kergaradec, Vincent Minville, Fanny Vardon-Bounes, Guillaume Martin-Blondel, Pierre Gourdy, Blandine Tramunt, Marie-Christine Turnin, Hélène Hanaire, Jean-Michel Mansuy, Didier Fabre, Marie-Blanche Arhainx, Laurent Cazals, Laure Combes, Emmanuelle Lami, Mallory Cianferani, Bruno Megarbane, Pierre Leroy, Jean-François Gautier, Tiphaine Vidal-Trecan, Jean-Pierre Riveline, Jean-Louis Laplanche, Stéphane Mouly, Louis Potier, Ronan Roussel, Malak Taher, Yawa Abouleka, Fetta Yaker, Aurelie Carlier, Anne Boutten, Marilyne Hallot-Feron, Fadila Mourah, Charles Thivolet, Emilie Blond, Muriel Rolland, Josep Verdecho Mendez, Marine Alexandre, Julien Pottecher, Emilie Richer, Laurent Meyer, Florina Luca, Jean-Marc Lessinger, Thibault Bahougne, Bruno Guerci, Lisa Ludwig, Siham Benzirar, Catherine Malaplate, Thierry Matton, Julien Poissy, Karine Faure, Pierre Fontaine, Florence Baudoux, Anne Vambergue, Jean David Pekar, Marc Lambert, Cécile Yelnik, Amélie Bruandet, Laurent Petit, Didier Neau, Vincent Rigalleau, Annie Berard, Amandine Galioot, Remy Coudroy, Arnaud Thille, René Robert, France Roblot-Cazenave, Blandine Rammaert, Pierre Jean Saulnier, Xavier Piguel, Nesrine Benhenda, Camille Husson, Celine Olivier, Florence Torremocha, Mathilde Fraty, Marie Flamen D'assigny, Aurelie Miot, Valentin Bossard, Kada Klouche, Alain Makinson, Ariane Sultan, Jean-Baptiste Bonnet, Vincent Foulongne, Florence Galtier, Cécile Aubron, Séverine Ansart, Véronique Kerlan, Pascale Quiniou, Jean-Luc Carre, Stéphane Quesnot, Bruno Laviolle, Carole Schwebel, Olivier Epaulard, Pierre-Yves Benhamou, Cécile Betry, Anne-Laure Borel, Sandrine Lablanche, Dorra Guergour, Catherine Duclos, Emmanuel Cosson, Erwan Guyot, Aurore Deniau, Phucthutrang Nguyen, Yves Reznik, Michael Joubert, Stéphane Allouche, Lydia Guittet, Steven Grange, Manuel Etienne, Gaëtan Prévost, Valéry Brunel, Jean-Christophe Lagier, Didier Raoult, Anne Dutour, Bénédicte Gaborit, Sandrine Boulllu, Patrice Darmon, Adèle Lasbleiz, Mathieu Cerino, Fanny Romain, Marie Houssays, Jean Pierre Quenot, Lionel Piroth, Bruno Vergès, Laurence Duvillard, Bernard Bonnotte, Alain Mercat, Vincent Dubee, Ingrid Allix, Patrice Rodien, Robin Dhersin, Maylis Lebeault, Wojciech Trzepizur, Jocelyne Loison, Antoine Brangier, Pierre Asfar, Pascal Reynier, Françoise Larcher, Françoise Joubaud, Marie-Rita Andreu, Geoffrey Urbanski, Laurent Hubert, Cedric Annweiler, Jean Dellamonica, Johan Courjon, Nicolas Chevalier, Giulia Chinetti, Magda Chafai, Bruno Mourvillier, Firouze Bani-Sadr, Sarra Barraud, Brigitte Delemer, Philippe Gillery, Pascale Labedade, Amélie Chabrol, Alfred Penfornis, Catherine Petit, Coralie Amadou, Maxime Adler, Clément Dubost, Pierre-Louis Conan, Lyse Bordier, Franck Ceppa, Cyril Garcia, Mathilde Sollier, Olivier Dupuy, Sophie Laplance, Olivier Billuart, Marie Joseph Aroulanda, Frédérique Olivier, Florence Ayon, Nathalie Wilhelm, Loic Epelboin, Nadia Sabbah, Aurelie Charpin, Pierre Squara, Olivier Belliard, Claude Dubois, Michel Marre, Johann Auchabie, Roxane Courtois, Thierry Duriez, Tiphaine Mergey, Laura Vallee, Laetitia Seguin, Abdallah Al-Salameh, Jean-Philippe Lanoix, Sandrine Soriot-Thomas, Anne-Marie Bourgeois-Descouls, Rachel Desailloud, Natacha Germain, Bogdan Galusca, Gwenaelle Belleton, Nesrine Marouani, Delia Palaghiu, Amira Hammour, Fernando Berdaguer, Thimothée Klopfenstein, Hajer Zayet, Patrice Winiszewski, Marie Zanusso, Pauline Garnier, Ingrid Julier, Karim Hamzaoui, Sophie Marty-Gres, Tarik El Sadki, Lucile Cadot, Jean-Louis Dubost, Céline Gonfroy, Catherine Campinos, Pascale Martres, Marie Pierre Coulhon, Nicolas Allou, Marwa Bachir, Stella Hoang, Candice Kembellec, Olivia Suply, Fatima Kharcha, Anne-Claire Devouge, Anna Flaus-Furmanuk, Isabelle Madeline, Vincent Ehinger, Sophie Bastard, Loic Raffray, Frederic Renou, Aude Bojarski, Caroline Paul, Karine Borsu, Angelique Gorlin, Servane Di Bernardo, Carole Truong Van Ut, Stephane Renaud, Antoine Vignoles, Emilie Foch, Laurie Masse, Hubert Grand, Helene Ferrand, Christelle Raffaitin-Cardin, Hadjer Zellagui, Celine Castang-Brachet, Frederique Boury, Ana Alvarez Tena, Isabelle Moura, Pierre Kalfon, Juliana Darasteanu, Arnaud Monier, Pascal Foucault, Alexandra Depuille, Stéphanie Laugier-Robiolle, Patrick Caneiro, Maud Basso, Etienne Larger, Samir Bouam, Wahiba Benzenati, Leila Ait Bachir, Camille Cussac Pillegand, Marc Vasse, Christophe Michard, Nathanaëlle Montanier, Luc Millot, Françoise Crepet, Danielle Ratsimba, Kevin Bouiller, Sophie Borot, Isabelle Bruckert, Annie Clergeot, Franck Schillo, Dorothée Vignes, Muriel Bourgeon-Ghittori, Hamoud Lachgar, Claire Lambert De Cursay, Stéphane Levante, Jean Charles Auregan, Antoine Merlet, Cécile Zaragoza, Gwénaëlle Arnault, Anne-Gaëlle Le Loupp, Olivier Lesieur, Mariam Roncato-Saberan, Didier Gouet, Romain Lemarie, Hong-An Allano, Emmanuel Vivier, Caroline Pariset, Cédric Luyton, Lucien Marchand, Fanny Doroszewski, Matthieu Pecquet, Laurent Perard, Sylvie Vuillermoz-Blas, Nicolas Kacki, Patricia Charrier, Amélie Ducet-Boiffard, Françoise Desroys Du Roure, Olivier Bourron, Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot, Suzanne Laroche, Franck Phan, Agnès Hartemann, Cyrielle Caussy, Emmanuel Disse, Emilie Blond, Claude Guerin, Thomas Perpoint, Philippe Moulin, Régine Cartier, Geoffroy Hariri, Dorothée Chopin, Camille Vatier, Nathalie Bourcigaux, Emmanuelle Chaigneau, Sophie Christin-Maitre, Bruno Donadille, Bruno Feve, Sophie Lamothe, Julie Sarfati, Pascal Pernet, Anne Chambon, Delphine Demarsy, Hugo Campagne, Françoise Latil-Plat, Monica Berne, Marilyne Grinand, Marion Touzet, Aydrey Zabulon, Jocelyne Craspag, Catherine Ledoux, Cedric Contaret, Blandine Janand-Delenne, Anaïs Giraud, Marie Lou Lacrimini, Joëlle Arrivie, Deborah Ancelle, Carine Guillois, Bénédicte Fremy, Amina Chaalal, Gaëlle Barrande, Anne Dorange, Eglantine Rouanet, Dominique Seret-Begue, Audrey Saoud, Anne-Marie Guedj, Nathalie Bedos, Fritz-Line Velayoudom, Marie Dumas, Benoite Gonda, Christine Coffin, Stéphanie Gibiat, Myriam Lungo, Chantal Bully, Pierre Serusclat, Stella Bully, Patricia Carre, Jean-Philippe Leberre, Carlos Elkhoury, Marine Thieux, and Laetitia Paradisi-Prieur
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