A living mapping review for COVID-19 funded research projects: final (27 month) update

Version Changes

Updated. Changes from Version 9

This tenth and final version of the paper provides a ninth three-month update to the living review, on data in the tracker collected up to the 15th October 2022. The analysis is now more comprehensive of the global funding landscape, with the addition of more than 2,051 projects to the database, the analysis and figures have been updated and now covers 20,006 projects, funded by 351 funders, taking place across 157 countries representing an investment of at least $7.4 billion . All data, tables and figures have been updated to reflect the additional data analysed and minor modifications to the results and discussion text have been made to reflect these updated analyses and the stage of the COVID-19 pandemic including the addition of one new reference on the animal/ human interface for the origins of COVID-19. For the sixth time in this iteration, the projects are additionally mapped against the research priorities identified in the United Nations Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery. This marks the final iteration of this living mapping review, although the database will continue and expand into the new Pandemic PACT programme, for which new living analyses will be set-up to improve visibility and coordination  of the research funding landscape for a wider range of infectious diseases.

Abstract

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in an unprecedented research response, demonstrating exceptional examples of rapid research and collaboration. There has however been an ongoing need for greater coordination, with limited resources for research and the shifting global pandemic.

Methods: The UK Collaborative on Development Research (UKCDR) and Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R), two funder coordination groups have collaborated to develop a live database of funded research projects across the world relating to COVID-19. Drawing data continually from their members and further global funding bodies, as of 15th October 2022 the database contains 20,006 projects, funded by 351 funders, taking place across 157 countries representing an investment of at least $7.4 billion. To our knowledge it is one of the most comprehensive databases. The database is aligned to the World Health Organisation and GloPID-R Global Research Roadmap: 2019 Novel Coronavirus and the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery. It is being used by the WHO, governments and further policy makers, research funders and researchers.

This living mapping review aims to supplement the database by providing an open, accessible, and frequently updated resource summarising the characteristics of the COVID-19 funded research portfolio. Both descriptive and thematic analyses are presented and updated frequently to aid interpretation of the global COVID-19 funded research portfolio.

Results: In this final version ten analysis, we provide an updated detailed descriptive analysis of the database (on data from three months after version nine) and focus our thematic analysis on research gaps, research areas in need of coordination, study populations, and research locations (with a focus on resource-limited countries).

Conclusions: As the global research response to COVID-19 plateaus, this living mapping review has helped both funders and researchers to prioritise resources and review investments.

Glossary

ALCS - American Council of Learned Societies

AFD - Agence Française de Développement (French Development Agency)

AMED - Agency for Medical Research and Development (Japan)

ANID - Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chilean National Agency for Research and Development)

ANR - Agence nationale de la recherche (National Research Agency)

ANRS - Agence nationale de recherche sur le sida et les hépatites virale (National Agency for AIDS Research)

APPRISE - Australian Partnership for Preparedness Research on Infectious Diseases Emergencies

ARAMIS - Administration Research Actions Management Information System

AUF - L’Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (Francophone University Agency)

BBVA - Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria (Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Bank)

BMBF - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research)

BNSF - Bulgaria National Science Fund

BPI-France - Banque publique d'investissement (Public Investment Bank)

BRICS STI Framework - BRICS Nations (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) Science, Technology, and Innovation Framework

BSAC - British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

C3.ai DTI - C3.ai Digital Transformation Institute

CABHI - Centre for Aging + Brain Health Innovation

CANSSI - Canadian Statistical Sciences Institute

CAPNETZ - Kompetenznetzwerk Ambulant erworbene Pneumonie (Competence Network Community Acquired Pneumonia)

CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDMRP - Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs

CEPI - Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations

CHU - Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire (University Centre and Hospital)

CIDRI-Africa - Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa

CIHR - Canadian Institutes of Health Research

CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development)

CITF - COVID-19 Immunity Taskforce

CNRS - Conseil National de la Récherche Scientifique (National Council for Scientific Research of Lebanon)

CNRST - Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (National Center for Scientific and Technical Research Morocco)

CONACYT Mexico - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico National Council of Science and Technology)

CONACYT Paraguay - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Paraguay National Council of Science and Technology)

CONCYTEC Peru - Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (Peruvian National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation)

CORFO - Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (Production Development Corporation)

CREID - Centre of Research Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases

CR-IUSMM - Centre de Récherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal (Research Centre of the Mental Health Institute at the University of Montreal)

CRUE - Centro Regulador de Urgencias y Emergencias (Regulatory Center for Emergencies)

CTSI - University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute

CTSI - University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute

DBT - Department of Biotechnology India

DDR&D - Directorate of Defense Research and Development

DEFRA - Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)

DFID - Department for International Development

DIM-ELICIT - Donner de la puissance aux sciences de la vie avec les technologies innovantes - Empowering LIfe sCiences with Innovative Technologies

DPI - Decanato de Pesquisa e Inovação (Dean of Research and Innovation)

DRDO - Defence Research and Development Organisation

e-Asia JRP - East Asia Science and Innovation Area Joint Research Program

EC - European Commission

EDCTP - European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership

FACEPE - Fundação de Amparo a Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco (Foundation for the Support of Science and Technology of the State of Pernambuco)

FAPDF - Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (Federal District Research Support Foundation)

FAPEAL - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas (Research Support Foundation of the State of Alagoas)

FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (Amazonas State Research Support Foundation)

FAPEAP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Amapá (Amapá Research Support Foundation)

FAPEG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás (Goiás State Research Support Foundation)

FAPEMA - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (Foundation for the Support of Research and Scientific and Technological Development of Maranhão)

FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Minas Gerais State Research Support Foundation)

FAPEPI - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Piauí (Piauí State Research Support Foundation)

FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul)

FAPERJ - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Research Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro)

FAPES - Fundação de Assistência e Previdência Social (Social Welfare and Assistance Foundation)

FAPESB - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (Bahia Research Support Foundation)

FAPESC - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina (Santa Catarina State Research and Innovation Support Foundation)

FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (São Paulo Research Foundation)

FAPESQ - Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado da Paraíba (Paraíba Research Support Foundation)

FCDO - (formerly DFID) - Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (foundation for Science and Technology)

FERCAP - Forum for Ethical Review Committees in Asia and the Western Pacific

FFAR - Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research

FFG - Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (Austrian Research Promotion Agency)

FNRS - Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (National Fund for Scientific Research)

FORE - Foundation for Opioid Response Efforts

FUNCAP - Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Cearense Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development Support)

FUNDECT - Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (Support Foundation for the Development of Education, Science and Technology of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul)

FWF - Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Austrian Science Fund)

FWO - Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (Research Foundation Flanders)

G²LM|LIC - Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries Programme

HRB - Health Research Board

HRZZ - Hrvarske Zaklade za ananost (Croatian Science Foundation)

ICGEB - International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

ICMR - Indian Council of Medical Research

IDA Ireland - Investment Promotion & Development Agency Ireland

IDRC - International Development Research Centre

IHCIETI - Instituto Hondureño de Ciencia y Tecnología (Honduran Institute of Science and Technology)

IHU - Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire en Maladies Infectieuses de Marseille (Marseille University Hospital Institute for Infectious Diseases)

INSERM - Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (National Institute of Health and Medical Research)

IRD - L'Institut de recherche pour le développement (Development Research Institute)

IRSST - Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (Robert-Sauvé Research Institute in Occupational Health and Safety)

ISCIII - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Carlose III Health Institute)

IZA - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit (Institute of Labor Economics)

MBIE – New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment

MEI - Montreal Economic Institute

MINCTCI - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación (Chilean Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation)

MINCYT Argentina - Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Argentina Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation)

MinScience Colombia - Colombian Ministry of Science

MIUR - Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research)

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NBHRF - New Brunswick Health Research Foundation

NCSEHE - National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education

NHMRC - National Health and Medical Research Council

NIFA - National Institute of Food and Agriculture

NIH - National Institutes of Health

NIHR - National Institute for Health Research

NMRC - National Medical Research Council (Singapore)

NORCE – Norwegian Research Centre

NSERC - Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council

NSF - National Science Foundation

NSFC - National Natural Science Foundation

NWO - Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Dutch Research Council)

NYU – New York University

OFSP - Office fédéral de la santé publique (Federal Office of Public Health)

OSAV - Office Fédéral de la securité alimentaire et des affaires vétérinaires (Federal Office for food safety and veterinary affairs)

OUCRU - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit

PCHRD - Philippine Council for Health Research and Development

PCORI - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute

PEDL - Private Enterprise Development in Low-Income Countries

PRACE - Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe

RBWH - Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital

REACTing - REsearch and ACTion Targeting Emerging Infectious Diseases

RIKEN - Kokuritsu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Hōjin Rikagaku Kenkyūsho (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research)

RSTMH - Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

SENACYT Panama - Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia tecnología e Innovación (Panama National Secretariat for Science, Technology and Innovation)

SEPAR - Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica (Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery)

SERB India - Science and Engineering Research Board India

SFI - Science Foundation Ireland

SFOE - Swiss Federal Office of Energy

SGC - Sino-German Center for Research Promotion

SNF - Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (Swiss National Science Foundation)

SNSF - Swiss National Science Foundation

SSHRC - Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council

STINT - Stiftelsen för internationalisering av högre utbildning och forskning (Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education)

SVRI - Sexual Violence Research Initiative

TUBITAK - Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey)

UBC – University of British Columbia

UCB - Union Chimique Belge (Belgian Chemical Union)

UCL – University College London

UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro)

UFM - Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet (Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science)

UKRI - UK Research and Innovation

UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund

USDA – United States Department of Agriculture

WHO - World Health Organization

WWTF Austria - Wiener Wissenschafts-, Forschungs- und Technologiefonds (Vienna Science and Technology Fund)

ZonMw - Nederlandse organisatie voor gezondheidsonderzoek en zorginnovatie (Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development)

Introduction

Researchers and research funders in global health have been preparing for a pandemic such as that caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for decades; however, the urgency and global scale of the research needs and response have been difficult to respond to and coordinate. Research funders have rapidly supported repurposing of existing studies and launched rapid funding calls to support research into the most pressing needs. Lessons in expediting research have been learnt from undertaking research in the recent Democratic Republic of Congo Ebola outbreaks and West Africa Ebola, Zika and SARS epidemics, however the truly global nature of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to unprecedented needs and challenges for coordination.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) triggered a rapid response, building on the R&D Blueprint ¹ , and co-organised the Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a Research Roadmap for the 2019 Novel Coronavirus meeting with the Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R) on February 11–12, 2020 at which over 400 global experts identified research priorities for COVID-19. In March 2020, the WHO released the WHO and GloPID-R Coordinated Global Research Roadmap: 2019 Novel Coronavirus (WHO Roadmap) ² to coordinate and accelerate the global research response against the identified priorities. The WHO Roadmap is an unprecedented galvanizing document for global research collaboration. This project builds on this to help shepherd the global response.

In a joint effort to further coordinate and synergise the funding of research to address the WHO Roadmap identified priority areas, the UK Collaborative on Development Research (UKCDR) partnered with GloPID-R to launch the COVID-19 Research Project Tracker ³ (the tracker) on April 3, 2020. The tracker is a live database of funded research projects across the world related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. It includes both newly funded research projects and repurposed research projects across all disciplines and categorises them against the mid- to long-term research and development priorities and sub-priorities identified in the WHO Roadmap. Mapping of projects as soon as funding is announced allows visibility of the funded research portfolio well in advance of any outputs such as publications. To date, the database has been accessed over 41 thousand times and we have had active engagement (beyond data entry) with over 30 funders, the WHO (and associated COVID-19 research priority area groups), and research groups regarding its use and the living mapping review. The data is also being extracted by several other funding tracking tools (including Europe Pub Med Central).

The UKCDR Epidemics Preparedness and Response Funders Group ⁴ and GloPID-R Funders groups have each been meeting frequently during the pandemic to strengthen UK and global COVID-19 research funding coordination activities, respectively. Their work is informed by the data and analysis from the tracker. Several members of both organisations have launched calls for research on COVID-19 in low and middle-income country (LMIC) settings. There is a particular concern that, due to the resource limitations in LMICs, an uncoordinated approach could potentially lead to unaddressed local research needs, failure of research to inform policy, or unsustainable research capacity to respond to future outbreaks. The UKCDR and GloPID-R funders groups have further strengthened their response by agreeing to a set of Funder Principles for supporting high-quality research for the most pressing global needs in epidemics and pandemics ⁵ and with the formation of a jointly hosted initiative for COVID-19 Research Coordination and Learning (COVID CIRCLE), encompassing the tracker and with a particular focus on resource-limited settings ⁵ .

As part of the COVID CIRCLE initiative, this living mapping review was established to regularly update and incorporate newly funded research projects as they become available and review their alignment to the WHO Roadmap priorities. A living mapping review (LMR) is needed due to the rapidly expanding number of funded research projects and the importance of the review to inform funding decision making. Here, in version ten, we present the results of the ninth three-month update of all research projects within the tracker as of 15 ^th October 2022 and a descriptive and thematic analysis to aid interpretation of the global COVID-19 funded research portfolio. We have additionally now added a mapping of these same research projects against research priorities identified in the United Nations (UN) Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery ⁶ . We previously published a more detailed analysis on the African continent specific baseline data from this tracker in collaboration with the African Academy of Sciences ⁷ . This is the final version of this LMR, marking the end of the COVID CIRCLE programme of work, which will now evolve into the Pandemic Preparedness: Analytical Capacity and Funding Tracking Programme (Pandemic PACT).

Methods

Protocol for LMR

The LMR protocol outlined herein was prospectively designed. Due to the rapid need for this project to be conducted to inform research responses during the pandemic, data extraction commenced before the protocol could be formally registered with PROSPERO. The protocol is outlined in this paper.

Rationale for use of living method

Research funding bodies have responded rapidly to the COVID-19 pandemic through repurposing existing grants and rapidly funding projects with both rolling and one-off funding calls. This has resulted in new research projects being funded at short intervals necessitating a living review for this work. The regular update of this review will help coordinate ongoing researcher and funder responses.

Eligibility criteria

All research projects funded by any research funder around the world (including regional funding organisations, national research funders and non-profit/ philanthropic organisations), with a focus on COVID-19 were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. This includes data from all types of research activities and was not limited to biomedical and health research. Furthermore, this analysis includes grants identified by funders as having been repurposed to address COVID-19 research priorities.

Information sources and search strategy

The database and subsequent analysis make use of data from publicly-announced COVID-19 research grants and were obtained using one of two methods. Data was either obtained through direct communication with research funders by requesting the completion of a template spreadsheet (Extended data 1 ⁸ ). These requests were made to UKCDR and GloPID-R funder groups members ^{9, 10} on a regular basis (as part of funder coordination meetings) and to wider funder contacts beyond these groups. Alternatively, data were also obtained from online databases belonging to research funders using “COVID” and/or “coronavirus” and/or “nCOV” and/or “sars-cov-2” as search terms (see Extended Data 2 ⁸ ). New funders were identified by their association with other funders when looking for newly published data from funders already on the tracker. This could have been through results of co-funding, being members of the same funders’ networks, etc. This then formed the basis of a series of internet searches to check whether these new funders awarded any COVID-19 research and, if so, whether they published the results of these funding calls. The tracker remains open to the submission of new funding data relating to COVID-19 from any global funder at any time. Screening of submitted data occurs on a weekly basis.

As the database is updated, a regular review is conducted to identify duplicate entries. Where duplicates are removed from the tracker the entry with the most detailed information is retained.

Though the set of data fields varied between funders, the data fields presented in Table 1 were considered a priority for the purposes of the tracker and subsequent analyses:

Table 1. Priority data fields for the UK Collaborative on Development Research (UKCDR) and Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R) tracker and analysis.

The latest and previous versions of this table are available as Extended data ⁸ .

Data Field	Definition
Abstract	Scientific summary of the project
Amount awarded	Total amount awarded by the responsible funder for the duration of the project (with currency stated)
Country(-ies) where studies are being conducted	All countries where research is being conducted
Funder(s)	The names of all funding organisations (including co-funding)
Lead institution	The name of the organisation that holds the grant and is leading the research
Local implementing partner(s)	The name of any partner institutions located in the country(-ies) where the study is being conducted
Principal investigator	Name of the awarded project’s lead investigator based at the lead institution (primarily used for project de-duplication)
Project ID/reference number	Any unique reference number / project ID assigned by the funder organisation to this project (primarily used for project de-duplication)
Project title	Title of the research project
Start/end date	Start and end dates of the project

Update schedule

All figures will be updated on a three-monthly basis; the discussion will also be revised to reflect any changes and trends over time. This living review was updated for the duration of the COVID CIRCLE initiative funding which ran from April 2020 to December 2022.

Manually coded data fields

Data entry of additional manually classified variables was completed by one reviewer with each variable cross-checked by a second reviewer. Abstracts in languages other than English were coded by project team members fluent in those languages or translated using Google Translate. Projects were coded against the following classifications:

1. WHO medium-long term research priorities and sub-priorities

Projects were assigned to one or more WHO priority areas of primary focus (Extended data 3 ⁸ ). An assignment of ‘N/A’ was made where: information provided was insufficient for classification; funds were allocated for research administration; or where projects clearly fell outside the WHO broad priority areas. Subsequently, projects were assigned to appropriate WHO sub-priority area(s). The assignment of ‘N/A’ was made if insufficient information limited further sub-categorisation or the projects fell outside the WHO sub-priority areas. In addition, suitable secondary priority area(s) with corresponding sub-priority(ies) were determined for those projects that significantly addressed other priority areas. Hence, projects were assigned with multiple primary and/or secondary WHO priority and sub-priority areas of research focus. The priority list will be updated if future iterations of the WHO Roadmap are released.

2. Emergent categories for research falling outside the WHO priority classification

For those projects that were not considered as addressing any of the WHO Research Priorities, they were assigned ‘N/A’ and new sub-priorities were developed and assigned on an initial data set of 400 projects. An inductive approach was used to develop new codes that emerged from the funded research and themes were confirmed through an iterative process through the projects in the baseline assessment. Six new sub-priority codes were defined under the social science priority (mental health; digital health; policy and economy; education; logistics and food security). A new priority focusing on the environmental impacts of COVID-19, was developed as well. All newly identified categories were validated using the full baseline dataset. In version two, one further new emergent category, long COVID, was identified within the clinical management priority, however this has now been reclassified as a cross-cutting theme (see below) due to research on long COVID now being funded across a range of research priority areas

3. COVID-19 Research Priorities for LMICs

Research projects involving LMICs were additionally assessed for their alignment with the research priorities identified in a collaborative study conducted by the UKCDR, African Academy of Sciences (AAS) and the Global Health Network (TGHN) in May 2020 ^{11, 12} . This study, which determined globally relevant COVID-19 research priorities with a specific focus on less-resourced countries, was based on earlier work by the AAS to determine the COVID-19 research priorities for Africa ¹¹ and the mid- to long-term research priorities summarized in the WHO Research Roadmap ² . The study findings, published in August 2020, outline existing WHO research priorities which require greater research emphasis and new research priority areas not captured in the WHO Roadmap or identified in the AAS survey (Extended data 4 ⁸ ). Each funded research project involving LMICs was assigned to one of the new categories outlined in Supplementary material 2 or noted if it fell outside both the new AAS priorities and the new priorities identified by the UKCDR/AAS/TGHN study.

4. UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery

The UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery was published in November 2020, covering the breadth of research needed leverage the “power of science in support of a better socio-economic recovery and a more equitable, resilient and sustainable future.” Mapping of the 17,955 studies against the UN Research Roadmap ⁶ priorities proceeded in two steps. First, preliminary exclusion/inclusion criteria were developed based on the mapping of 25 UN Research Roadmap research priorities to the WHO Research Roadmap mid- and long-term research priorities, sub-priorities, emergent categories (from point 2 above). Projects were included for review if they were previously tagged with at least one WHO priority or sub-priority area that overlapped with UN Research Roadmap research priorities ( Table 2). Any study coded with both included and excluded priorities was included for further examination.

Table 2. UN Research Roadmap Inclusion / Exclusion based on alignment with WHO priorities.

Inclusion	1f 2, 2a, 2b, 2c 3d 5, 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d 8, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e 9, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e, 9f N/A Emergent categories
Exclusion	1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e 3a, 3b, 3c 4, 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e 6, 6a, 6b, 6c 7, 7a, 7b N/A – with more information required

The remaining projects were then individually examined and, where appropriate, were assigned to one or more of the research priorities identified in the UN Research Roadmap (25 research priorities in total, across five pillars: health systems and services, social protection and basic services, economic response and recovery, macroeconomic policies and multilateral cooperation, and social cohesion and community resilience). If projects significantly addressed more than one research priority, secondary sub-priorities were assigned. Where projects met the inclusion criteria, but insufficient information was available for further classification, “N/A” was assigned and a project description recorded.

5. Cross-cutting themes

During the data coding process, a number of cross-cutting themes identified by the project team were coded for analysis (classified as yes or no): capacity strengthening; cohorts; gender; implementation; indirect health impacts; innovation; long COVID; modelling; new variants; pandemic preparedness; and repurposed projects.

6. Study population

A study population categorisation structure was proposed using an inductive approach on an initial data set of 400 projects and validated using the full data set (at the time of version 1), allowing the categories to be specific to the populations represented in the funded research.

For the purposes of this analysis, a hierarchical categorisation system was produced to examine the study populations of the research projects included in the tracker. At the highest levels, research projects are assessed on whether they involve animal populations, human populations, literature reviews, policy analysis or only focus on the virus itself. Research projects focused on human populations, were classified against three additional sub-categories. Table 3 outlines the categories, sub-categories and levels in full.

Table 3. Study population categorisation system.

The latest and previous versions of this table are available as Extended data ⁸ .

Level	Category	Sub-category
1	Population	Animal population
		Human population
		Literature reviews
		Policy
		Virus
		Other
2	Human sub-population	Adults
		Adults- women
		Adolescents
		Children
3a	Population group- vulnerable populations	Care home patients
		Disabled
		Domestic Violence Victims
		Elderly
		High risk individuals (defined as such in the study)
		LGBTQI+ community
		Minority communities (defined as such in the study)
		Neonates
		Pregnant women
		Refugees
3b	Population group- Frontline workers - Healthcare workers	Care home staff
		Doctors
		Informal
		Nurses
		Paramedics
		Social care workers
3c	Population group- Frontline workers - Non-healthcare	Firefighters
		Sanitation
		Volunteers
4	COVID-19 infection status	Negative
		Negative – Recovered
		Positive
		Positive – Severe

LGBTQI+ - Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex, COVID-19 – Coronavirus disease 2019.

Synthesis of results

Descriptive and comparative analyses are used in this analysis to present a description of funded COVID-19 research included in the tracker database as of 15 ^th October 2022.

The data used for this analysis can be obtained from the COVID-19 Research Project Tracker page on UKCDR’s website, as mentioned in the data availability statement. Data on the tracker (and subsequent analyses) will continue to be updated as more data becomes available and are obtained by the project team.

The charts and figures produced in this analysis were produced using Microsoft Office (Office 365 versions of Excel and PowerPoint).

Limitations of the data

Among the main challenges of the analysis is the varying completeness of data which led to less refined categorisation (assignment of projects to broad priority but not sub-priority areas) where the qualitative details of projects provided were insufficient. Therefore, the assigned priority areas may have failed to capture all aspects of the projects relevant to the WHO Roadmap. The same can be said for any value that was assigned to a given research project by the project team, including the study population and type of research activity. The data validation process by reviewers with expertise in global health research, policy, and funding outlined in the Project Selection section was used to address this and ensure that any assigned value was as accurate as possible, given the information provided.

Data on funding amounts was available from 175 of 351 funders (62.3% of all projects) and as a result this analysis is limited in providing a full financial profile of COVID-19 research funding investments. However, as the analysis makes use of all publicly available information, it can therefore be considered the most comprehensive characterisation possible.

At a higher level, the comprehensiveness of the tracker is limited to the funders that have either provided data for the tracker or had their data extracted from online sources (if available) and by the quality of that available data. In this respect, there were challenges in engaging with (and obtaining data from) health research funders beyond existing networks either due to a lack of contacts or capacity from funders to contribute to the project (especially for funders whose award information is not in English). Few funders have yet identified or made available details on grants repurposed towards COVID-19 to date although we continue to request this.

Risk of bias

This LMR of funded COVID-19 research projects uses descriptive and thematic analysis to summarise the scope of funded COVID-19 research projects. No attempts are made to assess the quality of individual studies or whether the studies meet their objectives. The potential sources of bias with project selection, quality of data reviewed, and data extraction and classification are addressed by robust fortnightly searches, template completion by funders and independent assessment and review during project classification respectively, as mentioned in the Information Sources and Search Strategy.

While the intention of the tracker and subsequent analyses are to provide as comprehensive a picture as possible of the COVID-19 research landscape, the data obtained for the tracker is more likely to be derived from funders of research that are members of UKCDR (all UK and broad disciplinary focus) and/or GloPID-R (global membership spanning high-income countries, or HICs, to low-income countries, or LICs, with a majority of national funders, and a biomedical focus). This would likely skew the results to show that more research being funded from these organisations and reflect trends in their respective portfolios (in terms of location, research focus and research activity type) than may necessarily be the case of the landscape more generally. In particular, more than half of all the projects included in the latest version of the tracker (50.7%) are from just 9 funders based in 5 high-income countries.

Results

Project selection

In total, 21,551 projects were assessed against the eligibility criteria outlined in the methodology and 1,544 were excluded for being duplicate projects or failing to meet the eligibility criteria as they were not related to COVID-19 (PRISMA Flow Diagram provided in Figure 1). The remaining 20,006 projects were assigned to the manually-coded data fields by project team members before being validated by an independent reviewer not involved with the initial screening and assigning process. This represents an increase of 2,051 projects as a result of the update to the analysis. All reviewers have broad expertise in global health research, policy, and funding.

Figure 1. PRISMA flow diagram.

The latest and previous versions of this figure are available as Extended data ⁸ .

Project characteristics

Summaries of the characteristics of the 20,006 projects included in the latest version of the tracker are provided in the discussion of the results (below) which breaks down the projects by:

• Funder;

• Priority and sub-priority areas;

• Location;

• Activity type;

• Study population.

A full list of the projects is provided as underlying data ¹³ .

Project funder. The 20,006 projects included in the latest version of the tracker comprises of data compiled from 351 research funders based in 60 different countries representing an investment of at least $7.4 billion (funding amounts only available for 62.3% of projects) ( Figure 2). This represents an increase of 1.7% in the number of funders (previously 345 funders based in 59 countries) since the previous version of the analysis.

Figure 2. Number of Projects by Research Funder (funders with at least 130 projects in the latest version of the tracker displayed).

Known funding amounts indicated in brackets*. Funders with less than 130 projects: KAKENHI (128 projects; $7.2m); Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (124 projects; $65.9m); NWO Netherlands (120 projects; $345k); Wellcome (113 projects; $11.7m); Emergent Ventures Fast Grants (112 projects; N/A); University of Minnesota (107 projects; $160k); DFG (105 projects; N/A); AMED Japan (104 projects; N/A); TUBITAK (102 projects; N/A); SERB India (95 projects; $139k); University of California (95 projects; N/A); Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research (89 projects; N/A); NHMRC (89 projects; $66.1m); Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (86 projects; $23.8m); British Academy (85 projects; $973k); SFI Ireland (85 projects; $5.9m); SNF (83 projects; $41.0m); NRF South Africa (77 projects; $7k); Novo Nordisk Foundation (73 projects; $24.7m); IDRC (72 projects; $35.2m); Indian Council of Social Science Research (72 projects; N/A); FAPES (71 projects; $828k); UKRI / DHSC / NIHR (69 projects; $53.8m); ANID Chile (68 projects; N/A); EOSC (66 projects; N/A); Junta de Castilla y Leon - Consejeria de Sanidad (66 projects; $468k); RCN Norway (65 projects; $32.2m); CSO Scotland (63 projects; $9.4m); MINCTCI - Chile / ANID Chile (63 projects; N/A); Institut Pasteur (61 projects; N/A); Social Sciences Research Council (60 projects; N/A); CONCYTEC Peru (58 projects; $2.2m); HRB Ireland / Irish Research Council (57 projects; $4.8m); National Science Center Poland (57 projects; $9.9m); FAPERGS Brazil (56 projects; N/A); Leibniz Association (56 projects; N/A); MBIE New Zealand (55 projects; $20.9m); Academy of Finland (54 projects; $25.2m); Swedish Research Council (52 projects; $31.2m); Luxembourg National Research Fund (51 projects; $2.9m); Ministre des Solidarités et de la Santé (50 projects; N/A); CRUE/Santander (47 projects; $6.7m); FFG Austria (47 projects; N/A); FORMAS (43 projects; $6.8m); FWF Austria (43 projects; $13.4m); Innovate Peru (42 projects; N/A); USDA – NIFA (42 projects; $18.7m); Estonian Research Council (41 projects; $9.6m); CITF (39 projects; N/A); PCHRD (39 projects; N/A); Qatar National Research Fund (39 projects; N/A); Department of Science and Technology - India (38 projects; N/A); IZA - Institute of Labor Economics (38 projects; N/A); FAPEAM Brazil (37 projects; $1.5m); EDCTP (36 projects; $21.8m); TV3 Foundation (36 projects; $15.2m); Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (35 projects; N/A); FNRS Belgium (34 projects; N/A); Duke University (33 projects; N/A); FAPESC Brazil (33 projects; $285k); RIKEN (33 projects; N/A); ANRS (32 projects; $7.1m); Government of Ontario (32 projects; $1.0m); Heath Research Council New Zealand (32 projects; $7.3m); Innovationsfonden Denmark (32 projects; N/A); MinScience - Colombia (32 projects; $9.4m); Australian Government: Medical Research Future Fund (31 projects; $19.7m); CONACYT - Paraguay (31 projects; $1.4m); Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (31 projects; N/A); International Growth Centre (31 projects; N/A); PRACE (31 projects; N/A); CNRS Lebanon (29 projects; N/A); FAPEMA (29 projects; $253k); FRQ (29 projects; $2.1m); Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation (29 projects; $182k); Vinnova (29 projects; $6.2m); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (28 projects; $15.8m); UCL (28 projects; $53k); University of Michigan (28 projects; N/A); Russell Sage Foundation (27 projects; $2.7m); C3.ai DTI (26 projects; N/A); Michael Smith Foundation (26 projects; N/A); University of Colorado (26 projects; N/A); BIRAC (25 projects; N/A); RAENG (25 projects; $649k); SNSF (25 projects; $10.4m); Spencer Foundation (25 projects; N/A); ARAMIS (24 projects; $17.9m); CDMRP (24 projects; $56.0m); Goethe University (24 projects; N/A); WWTF Austria (24 projects; $1.2m); FAPESB Brazil (23 projects; N/A); FAPESQ (23 projects; N/A); WE SPARK HEALTH Institute (23 projects; N/A); FAPEMIG (22 projects; $375k); New South Wales Government (22 projects; N/A); The Ottawa Hospital Foundation (22 projects; N/A); BBVA Foundation (21 projects; $2.4m); Burnet Institute (21 projects; N/A); CTSI (21 projects; $1.0m); FWO Belgium (21 projects; $5.5m); Nuffield Foundation (21 projects; $8.1m); SENACYT - Panama (21 projects; $3.6m); SOSCIP (21 projects; N/A); Yale University (21 projects; N/A); American Heart Association (20 projects; N/A); Government of Nepal (20 projects; N/A); Instituto Nacional de Salud Peru (20 projects; N/A); National Research, Development and Innovation Office (20 projects; $16.6m); REACTing/INSERM (20 projects; N/A); SGC (20 projects; N/A); Western University (20 projects; $3.6m); APPRISE (19 projects; $498k); BSAC (19 projects; $967k); UFM Denmark (19 projects; $14.1m); Brown University (18 projects; N/A); Lundbeck Foundation (18 projects; $4.6m); Danish Independent Research Foundation (17 projects; $3.6m); Department of Science and Innovation - South Africa (17 projects; $4.4m); National Council for Science and Technology Rwanda (17 projects; $996k); OUCRU (17 projects; N/A); RSTMH / National Institute for Health Research (17 projects; N/A); ANR / Other French Funders (16 projects; $1.3m); Cambridge Africa (16 projects; N/A); FAPEG (16 projects; $57k); AFD (15 projects; $12.7m); AUF (15 projects; N/A); CHU Dijon Bourgogne (15 projects; N/A); FCDO (formerly DFID) / DHSC / NIHR / Wellcome (Elrha funding call) (15 projects; $1.4m); Fundação Araucária (15 projects; $334k); Innosuisse (15 projects; $2.9m); Russian Science Foundation (15 projects; N/A); G2LM|LIC (14 projects; N/A); PEDL (14 projects; N/A); Research Manitoba (14 projects; $1.9m); BNSF (13 projects; $1.3m); CORFO (13 projects; N/A); LifeArc (13 projects; N/A); NordForsk (13 projects; N/A); NRF Kenya (13 projects; N/A); Wellcome / FCDO (formerly DFID) (13 projects; $17.3m); African Academy of Sciences (12 projects; $2.3m); American Lung Association (12 projects; N/A); American Society of Clinical Oncology (12 projects; N/A); BRICS (12 projects; N/A); COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator (Wellcome / Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) (12 projects; $11.0m); FACEPE (12 projects; $221k); Harrington Discovery Institute (12 projects; N/A); IVADO (12 projects; $674k); North Carolina Biotechnology Center (12 projects; $239k); South African Medical Research Council (12 projects; $3.5m); University of New South Wales (12 projects; N/A); Botnar Research Centre for Child Health (11 projects; N/A); CEPI (11 projects; $1.2b); Coronavirus Research Action Group / Ministry for Innovation and Technology, Hungary (11 projects; N/A); e-Asia JRP (11 projects; N/A); HRZZ Croatia (11 projects; N/A); ICGEB (11 projects; N/A); IHCIETI Honduras (11 projects; N/A); Ministry of Health - Italy (11 projects; $8.2m); NORCE (11 projects; N/A); OFSP (11 projects; $3.7m); Paul Ramsay Foundation (11 projects; N/A); PSI Foundation (11 projects; $1.1m); Roche (11 projects; N/A); Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (10 projects; N/A); American Diabetes Association (10 projects; N/A); AXA (10 projects; N/A); Carlsberg Foundation (10 projects; $6.7m); CHU de Limoges (10 projects; N/A); CIHR / Alberta Innovates (10 projects; $4.2m); Commonwealth Fund (10 projects; $2.3m); FAPEPI Brazil (10 projects; N/A); FAPDF (10 projects; N/A); Higher Education Commission Pakistan (10 projects; N/A); IRSST (10 projects; $636k); Israel Innovation Authority (10 projects; N/A); Nazarbayev University (10 projects; N/A); Ryerson University (10 projects; N/A); Therapeutic Innovation Australia (10 projects; N/A); University of Maryland (10 projects; N/A); Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (10 projects; N/A); York University (10 projects; $182k); Callaghan Innovation (9 projects; $1.1m); CANSSI (9 projects; N/A); Department of Science and Innovation - South Africa /Technology Innovation Agency (9 projects; $1.6m); Fundacion Mutua Madrilena (9 projects; N/A); FUNDECT (9 projects; $38k); Genome BC / Michael Smith Foundation (9 projects; N/A); Greenwall Foundation (9 projects; $737k); Instituto Evandro Chagas (9 projects; N/A); Junta de Andalucia (9 projects; $424k); RBWH Foundation (9 projects; N/A); Research Corporation for Science Advancement (9 projects; $410k); Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (8 projects; N/A); FUNCAP (8 projects; N/A); Innovations for Poverty Action/ FCDO (formerly DFID) (8 projects; N/A); Peter Wall Institute (8 projects; N/A); Peterson Foundation (8 projects; N/A); Shastri Institute (8 projects; $8k); Universidad de los Llanos (8 projects; N/A); Victoria State Government (8 projects; N/A); Visegrad (8 projects; $235k); ACLS (7 projects; N/A); Alberta Innovates (7 projects; $1.6m); American Thoracic Society (7 projects; $305k); American University of Beirut (7 projects; N/A); APPRISE/CREID (7 projects; N/A); Australian National University (7 projects; N/A); Canadian Frailty Network (7 projects; $563k); DIM-ELICIT (7 projects; N/A); Etablissement Français du Sang (7 projects; N/A); FFAR (7 projects; $563k); FORE (7 projects; $1.2m); Innovations for Poverty Action (7 projects; N/A); MINCTCI - Chile (7 projects; N/A); Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme (7 projects; N/A); Partnership for Economic Policy (7 projects; N/A); UNICEF (7 projects; N/A); University of Auckland (7 projects; N/A); University of Calgary / Alberta Health Services (7 projects; N/A); Víctor Grífols i Lucas Foundation (7 projects; N/A); American Pharmacists Association Foundation (6 projects; N/A); Autism Science Foundation (6 projects; N/A); Boettcher Foundation (6 projects; N/A); British Heart Foundation (6 projects; N/A); CaixaImpulse (6 projects; N/A); CHEST Foundation (6 projects; N/A); CIDRI-Africa (6 projects; $338k); CZI (6 projects; N/A); Doherty Institute (6 projects; N/A); Gund Institute (6 projects; N/A); International Science Council (6 projects; N/A); Making The Shift Inc (6 projects; N/A); MRIC Mauritius (6 projects; $74k); RCN Norway / Trond-Mohn Foundation (6 projects; $3.1m); Sigma Theta Tau (6 projects; N/A); UCB Community Health Fund (6 projects; N/A); University of New Hampshire (6 projects; N/A); Al Jalila Foundation (5 projects; N/A); Auckland Medical Research Foundation (5 projects; $244k); Brady Education Foundation (5 projects; $140k); Brain Research New Zealand (5 projects; N/A); CIHR / CABHI (5 projects; $542k); Diabetes UK (5 projects; $520k); Emergency Medicine Foundation (5 projects; $254k); Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (5 projects; $1.1m); Henry Luce Foundation (5 projects; $880k); NCSEHE (5 projects; N/A); Rheumatology Research Foundation (5 projects; N/A); SFI Ireland / IDA Ireland / Enterprise Ireland (5 projects; $2.0m); Telethon Foundation (5 projects; $270k); UFRJ (5 projects; N/A); University of Calgary (5 projects; N/A); WHO Africa (5 projects; N/A); Animal Free Research UK (4 projects; N/A); Azim Premji University (4 projects; N/A); CAPNETZ (4 projects; N/A); CIHR / BC Ministry of Health (4 projects; $568k); CIHR / MoH Canada (4 projects; $580k); CIHR / Research Nova Scotia (4 projects; $3.9m); CIHR / Saskatchewan Health Research Foundation (4 projects; $550k); CREID (4 projects; N/A); Departamento de Investigación postgrado e interaccion social, Bolivia (4 projects; N/A); ICMR / NIH (4 projects; $673k); ICMR / WHO (4 projects; $494k); Institute for Health Management (4 projects; N/A); Malta Council for Science and Technology (4 projects; $3.7m); NASA (4 projects; N/A); South Korea NRF/ Swedish Research Council (4 projects; $720k); Paul Scherrer Institut (4 projects; N/A); Snow Medical (via CREID / APPRISE) (4 projects; N/A); UBC (4 projects; N/A); William T. Grant Foundation (4 projects; $177k); ANID Chile / CONCYTEC Peru (3 projects; $168k); BPI-France (3 projects; $21.8m); CIHR / Health Canada (3 projects; $2.5m); CIHR / Michael Smith Foundation (3 projects; $797k); CIHR / NBHRF (3 projects; $428k); CIHR / Research Manitoba (3 projects; $1.9m); DEFRA (3 projects; $160k); FAPEAL (3 projects; $49k); Inserm (3 projects; N/A); NSFC/South Korea NRF (3 projects; N/A); Sociedad Espanola De Cardiologia (3 projects; N/A); South African Medical Research Council/Department of Science and Innovation - South Africa (3 projects; $1.2m); Vingroup (3 projects; $839k); WHO / Gabon government (3 projects; N/A); CIRAD (2 projects; N/A); DBT India (2 projects; N/A); FAPEAP Brazil (2 projects; $14k); FRQ, Génome Québec (2 projects; N/A); FRQ, MEI (2 projects; N/A); ICMR / University of Birmingham (2 projects; N/A); ICMR / University of Edinburgh (2 projects; $68k); IRD (2 projects; N/A); Newton Fund (2 projects; $152k); NSFC/BNSF (2 projects; N/A); Research Nova Scotia (2 projects; $36k); RSTMH (2 projects; $13k); SEPAR (2 projects; $15k); Solidarity Fund (2 projects; $142k); SVRI (2 projects; N/A); AFD / IRD (1 project; N/A); ANRS / Expertise France (1 project; $132k); ANRS-MIE (1 project; N/A); CIHR / Michael Smith Foundation / BC Ministry of Health (1 project; N/A); CIHR / NBHRF / CABHI (1 project; $112k); CIHR / SSHRC (1 project; $503k); FCDO (formerly DFID) / UNICEF (1 project; N/A); FRQ, CR-IUSMM (1 project; N/A); FRQ, IRSST (1 project; N/A); ICMR / Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (1 project; $837k); ICMR / CDC (1 project; $528k); ICMR / DRDO India / DDR&D Israel (1 project; N/A); ICMR / Emory Vaccine Center (1 project; $106k); ICMR / European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (1 project; N/A); ICMR / FERCAP (1 project; N/A); ICMR / Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (1 project; $25k); ICMR / International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association (1 project; N/A); ICMR / Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (1 project; N/A); ICMR / National Institute for Health Research (1 project; $83k); ICMR / National Institute for Health Research / UKRI (1 project; $241k); ICMR / Novavax / 360biolabs (1 project; $996k); ICMR / NYU Grossman school of Medicine (1 project; N/A); ICMR / The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (1 project; $25k); ICMR / The University of Iowa (1 project; N/A); ICMR / University of Colorado (1 project; N/A); ICMR / University of Indiana (1 project; N/A); ICMR / University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (1 project; N/A); ICMR / University of Oxford (1 project; $100k); ICMR / WHO- SEARO (1 project; $67k); ICMR / World Heart Federation (1 project; $105k); IHU Marseille (1 project; N/A); Michael Smith Foundation / BC Ministry of Health (1 project; N/A); Michael Smith Foundation / CIHR (1 project; N/A); NSFC / Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (1 project; $135k); OSAV (1 project; $138k); Paul Ramsay Foundation (1 project; N/A); Research Grants Council of Hong Kong / Consulate General of France in Hong Kong (1 project; $16k); Russell Sage Foundation (1 project; $170k); SFOE (1 project; $189k); Solidarity Fund/Michael and Susan Dell Foundation (1 project; $910k); SSHRC / Genome Canada (1 project; $713k); STINT / NSFC (1 project; N/A); UNITAID / ANRS (1 project; N/A); UNITAID / EDCTP (1 project; N/A); Wellcome and co-funders (1 project; N/A); WHO (1 project; N/A); Other Canadian Funders (353 projects; $705k); Other French Funders (38 projects; $3.4m); Other USA Funders (12 projects; $969k); Other Israeli Funders (3 projects; $433k); Other Swedish Funders (2 projects; N/A).

See glossary for abbreviations and acronyms used in this figure.

With the updated data, approximately one quarter of funded projects in the tracker were awarded by funders based in the United Kingdom (26.1%) – ranking first among all countries, ahead of the United States (22.9%) and Canada (12.9%). In terms of known funding amounts, funders based in the United States ranked first among all countries, collectively investing $2.6 billion (35.7% of available financial data), ahead of the $1.6 billion (21.6%) invested by United Kingdom-based funders and $333.7 million (4.5%) by German-based funders.

Categorisation of projects against WHO Roadmap priorities & sub-priorities. All projects were categorised against the priorities and sub-priorities identified by the WHO in their Coordinated Global Research Roadmap 2020, with several research projects being assigned multiple priority and/or sub-priority areas.

WHO Priority Areas. Figure 3 displays both the number of projects listed under each priority area and the known funding amounts (as not all funders provided financial information for their awarded research projects). The priority area under ‘Candidate Vaccines R&D’ ranks first among all nine priority areas with a known research funding amount of $2.2b (increasing by $173k since the update to the analysis).

Figure 3. COVID-19 Research Projects Classified Against Priorities Outlined in WHO Coordinated Global Research Roadmap.

However, while ranking first in terms of known funding amounts, the ‘Candidate Vaccines R&D’ priority area ranks seventh in terms of the total number of research projects (755), highlighting the different grant values for different types of research funded in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The average known value of ‘Candidate Vaccines R&D’ projects was $3.6m – almost six-times the priority area with the second-largest average (‘Candidate Therapeutics R&D’ at $613k) and more than sixteen times the priority area with the smallest average, ‘Social sciences in the outbreak response’ ($217k).

Following the inclusion of 2,051 additional projects to the tracker database, the two priority areas of ‘Animal and environmental research on the virus origin, and management measures at the human-animal interface’ (143 projects totalling $41.9m) and ‘Ethics considerations for research’ (302 projects totalling $60.0m) continue to receive comparatively little research attention from the fewest research funders (45 and 82, respectively, while the other priority areas average 216.4 funders). The cross-cutting nature of ethics considerations for research, however, means that much work on this will occur within other research projects and many of the research projects coded to ethics here are not solely on ethical considerations and therefore jointly coded to other areas.

WHO Sub-Priority Areas. Figure 4 shows how the 20,006 COVID-19 research projects included in the latest version of the tracker have been categorised against abbreviated versions of the 44 sub-priorities mentioned in the WHO Roadmap. The names of the sub-priorities are listed in full as Extended data ⁸ .

Figure 4. Number of Research Projects Included Under Each Sub-Priority Outlined in WHO Coordinated Global Research Roadmap (known funding amounts indicated in brackets).

The funding patterns at the WHO priority-level are reflected at the sub-priority level. Notably, seven of the ten sub-priorities with the greatest number of research projects are from the three priority areas with the greatest number of projects – namely ‘Virus: natural history, transmission and diagnostics’ (3 sub-priorities in the top 10), ‘Clinical Characterization and Management’ (2), and ‘Social sciences in the outbreak response’ (2).

Similarly, seven of the ten sub-priorities with the greatest investment totals are from priority areas ranked among the top four for funding amounts – namely ‘Virus: natural history, transmission and diagnostics’ (again with 3 sub-priorities in the top 10), ‘Clinical Characterization and Management’ (2), ‘Candidate Vaccines R&D’ (1), and ‘Social Sciences in the Outbreak Response’ (1). Additionally, the top four sub-priority areas with the largest average of known funding amounts are all from the ‘Candidate Vaccines R&D’ priority area.

At the other end of the spectrum, five of the bottom ten sub-priority areas, in terms of the number of projects, are from two priority areas, namely the ‘Animal and environmental research on the virus origin, and management measures at the human-animal interface’ (36 ^th and 41 ^st) and ‘Clinical characterization and management’(35 ^th, 42 ^nd, and 43 ^rd) areas. In particular, two of these sub-priority areas, 'socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors for spill-over' under the ‘Animal and environmental research’ priority area (17 projects worth $7.0m), and ‘Develop core clinical outcomes to maximize usability of data across range of trials’ under the ‘Clinical characterization and management’ priority area (9 projects worth $2.2m), also rank among the bottom five in terms of known funding amounts (40 ^th and last, respectively).

Classification of research projects which did not categorise against WHO Roadmap (emergent categories). There are increasing instances (30.1% of projects on the latest version of the tracker compared to 28.6% previously) where projects can be classified against a priority area but were not deemed relevant to any of the corresponding WHO sub-priority areas. These projects are labelled ‘N/A’ under the relevant priority area and can be seen alongside the sub-priority areas in Figure 4. These projects generally constitute less than one-fifth of either of the overall number of projects and known funding amounts under each of the corresponding priority area.

There are, however, two notable exceptions to this observation. Firstly, under the ‘Candidate Vaccines R&D’ priority area, a substantial proportion of research projects cannot be allocated to any of the WHO sub-priorities. This is the result of the narrow definitions outlined by the WHO for the sub-priority areas under ‘Candidate Vaccines R&D’ which, for instance, do not offer sub-priorities for candidate vaccines not undergoing multi-country clinical trials (60 projects worth $1.0b), vaccine design and administration (42 projects worth $10.1m), or vaccine logistics and supply chains (27 projects worth $138.0m).

Secondly, Figure 4 shows that, under the ‘Social Sciences in the Outbreak Response’ priority area, more than two-thirds of research projects (67.8%) do not align to the WHO Roadmap sub-priorities. This is unsurprising given the tracker collates all research on COVID-19 beyond health, and led us to define the emergent themes in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Number of research projects classified against emergent research priority and sub-priority areas not previously identified (known funding amounts indicated in brackets).

These highlight important emergent themes for COVID-19 research prioritised by, both researchers and funders.

‘Mental health’ is among the two most prominent emergent categories - which does clearly fall within a health remit, and it is notable both that this type of research is receiving much attention, but also that currently this is mostly limited to research from a social science perspective, rather than a clinical perspective (and the same can also be said of research addressing ‘digital health’). The further emergent social sciences related sub-priorities of ‘policy and economy’, ‘education’, ‘logistics’ and ‘food security’ and emergent priority of ‘environmental impacts’ are all focussed on the broader social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 recovery and reflect the broader COVID-19 research focus of the tracker and the research consideration of the knock-on effects (health and otherwise).

Location of projects. Figure 6 summarises the location where research projects are taking place. Research is being conducted in 157 countries with the greatest number of projects taking place in the United Kingdom (4,827 projects) followed by the United States (4,489) and Canada (2,519).

Figure 6. Location of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) research projects by country, WHO sub-region and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Development Assistance Committee (DAC) list categories.

Of the 20,006 research projects, 637 (3.2%) take place across multiple countries, with research partnerships between Italy and Spain being the most common (38 projects).

Classifying countries by income categories (using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Development Assistance Committee list), the majority of research projects (82.4%) are taking place, at least in part, in high-income countries. With the updated analysis, the proportion of research projects taking place in at least one of the Official Development Assistance (ODA) recipient countries has increased slightly from 16.7% to 16.8% (3,361 projects). Of these 3,361 projects, just under two-thirds (65.9%) are taking place in at least one upper-middle-income country.

3,124 projects (15.6%) are taking place exclusively in LMICs (previously 15.7%) – with Brazil being the country with the greatest number of projects among these (1,138), followed by India (350) and Argentina (200). This ordering of countries is largely a result of the present selection of data in the tracker from funders based in these LMICs. Though 99 projects on the latest version of the tracker are taking place in China, it is acknowledged that there is much more nationally funded research occurring for which data has not yet been obtained. Among the 3,124 projects taking place exclusively in LMICs, 5.4% is being conducted across multiple countries.

Characteristics of research projects in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (ODA-recipient countries). Most research projects in low- and middle- income countries could be categorised against one or more WHO research priorities. In addition, several were also categorised against the context-specific research priorities identified by the UKCDR, African Academy of Sciences (AAS) and the Global Health Network (TGHN) and are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

Figure 7. Research projects in LMICs categorised against their research priorities (LMIC Research Priorities).

Shortened forms of the priorities used.

Figure 8. Research Projects in LMICs categorized against ‘existing WHO Priorities requiring greater research emphasis’.

Figure 7 shows that some projects mapped to the context specific sub-priorities identified for LMICs under all the nine WHO priorities. The predominant theme was to ‘develop improved diagnostic tools for safer sample collection, faster and easier assays’ whilst research to ‘identify prognostic factors for severe disease’ ranked second. Similarly, a few projects mapped to the new broad priority areas with the highest category being the cross-cutting theme involving the use of technology in various aspects of the pandemic response. Figure 8 shows those projects mapping to existing WHO priorities ‘requiring greater research emphasis in LMICs’. Here most projects mapped to ‘public health messaging and addressing myths and mistrust’, ‘trust in public health interventions’ and ‘understanding infections and outcomes in vulnerable populations,’ which might indicate the importance of these research areas in controlling the pandemic in LMICs. In contrast the highlighted priorities involving stakeholder engagement, health systems research, effective PPE use and examining the relationships between repeated viral exposure and diseases severity in frontline healthcare workers were lacking.

Overall, 161 funders have funded research involving LMICs and of these, the University of Sao Paulo; Argentinian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation and the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research in Morocco fund the most projects as shown in Figure 9. Of the funders not based in less-resourced countries UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), International Development Research Centre (IDRC), and ANRS (France REcherche Nord & sud Sida-hiv Hépatites - French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis) fund the most research projects. Notably, these funders support research across multiple countries with IDRC and ANRS funded projects involving 67 and 26 different countries respectively. Most of the UKRI projects were concentrated in Uganda (where an UKRI MRC centre is located).

Figure 9. The Major Funders in ODA-Recipient Countries (funders with at least 30 projects on the latest version of the tracker displayed).

Known funding amounts indicated in brackets*. Funders with less than 30 projects: AFD / IRD (N/A, 1 project), ANRS-MIE (N/A, 1 project), ANRS, Expertise France ($132k, 1 project), BSAC ($22k, 1 project), C3.ai DTI (N/A, 1 project), CHEST Foundation (N/A, 1 project), CIHR/SSHRC ($502k, 1 project), Danish Independent Research Foundation ($460k, 1 project), Estonian Research Council (132k, 1 project), FCDO/ UNICEF (N/A, 1 project), HRB Ireland / Irish Research Council (14k, 1 project), ICMR / CDC ($527k), ICMR / National Institute for Health Research (83k, 1 project), ICMR / National Institute for Health Research / UKRI (240k, 1 project), ICMR / Novavax / 360biolabs ($996k, 1 project), ICMR / University of Edinburgh ($7.5k, 1 project) ICMR / University of Oxford ($100k, 1 project), ICMR / WHO- SEARO (66.5k, 1 project), ICMR, DRDO India, DDR&D Israel (N/A, 1 project), IHU Marseille (N/A, 1 project), IRD (N/A, 1 project), IZA - Institute of Labor Economics (N/A, 1 project), Leibniz Association (N/A, 1 project), Medical University of Vienna (N/A, 1 project), Mitacs (N/A, 1 project), NASA (N/A, 1 project), National Science Center Poland ($80.4k, 1 project), NHMRC (426k, 1 project), NSFC / Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong ($134k, 1 project), Nuffield Foundation (309k, 1 project), REACTing/INSERM (N/A, 1 project), Ryerson University(N/A, 1 project), Solidarity Fund/Michael and Susan Dell Foundation (910k, 1 project), Spencer Foundation (N/A, 1 project), SNSF ($53.6k, 1 project), UNITAID / ANRS (N/A, 1 project), UNITAID / EDCTP (N/A, 1 project), University of Colorado (N/A, project), University of Michigan (N/A, 1 project), WHO (N/A, 1 project), Yale University (N/A, 1 project), York University (10.6k, 1 project), AXA (N/A, 2 projects), Burnet Institute (N/A, 2 projects), CIHR; Alberta Innovates (869k, 2 projects), DBT India (N/A, 2 projects), EOSC (N/A, 2 projects), FAPEAP Brazil ($14k, 2 projects ), FORMAS ($215k, 2 projects), ICMR / WHO ($90k, 2 project), Newton Fund ($151k, 2 projects), NSFC/BNSF (N/A, 2 projects), NWO Netherlands (N/A, 2 projects), RSTMH ($13.4k, 2 projects) Solidarity Fund ($142k, 2 projects), SVRI (N/A, 2 projects), Swedish Research Council (1.4m, 2 projects), ANID (Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo) Chile / CONCYTEC Peru ($167k, 3 projects), BMBF ($169k, 3 projects), CEPI ($300m, 3 projects), DFG (N/A, 3 projects), Duke University (N/A, 3 projects), FAPEAL ( $49K, 3 projects), ICMR / NIH ($628k, 3 projects), Johns Hopkins University (N/A, 3 projects), NSFC/NRF (Korea) (N/A, 3 projects), South African Medical Research Council/Department of Science and Innovation ($1.2m, 3 projects), UCL (3k, 3 projects), Vingroup (839k, 3 projects), WHO / Gabon government (N/A, 3 projects), Azim Premji University (N/A, 4 projects), CaixaImpulse (N/A, 4 projects), Departamento de Investigación postgrado e interaccion social (Bolivia) (N/A, 4 projects), KAKENHI (127.5k, 4 projects), National Medical Research Council Singapore (N/A, 4 projects), WHO Africa (N/A, 4 projects), Wellcome / FCDO (formerly DFID) ($6.7m, 5 projects), Other Funders (Canada) (N/A, 5 projects), CIDRI-Africa (N/A, 6 projects), Federal District Research Support Foundation (Brazil) FAPDF (N/A, 6 projects), International Science Council (N/A, 6 projects), MRIC Mauritius ($74k, 6 projects), Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR) (N/A, 7 projects), American University of Beirut (N/A, 7 projects), COVID-19 Therapeutics Accelerator (Wellcome / Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) ($9m, 7 projects), Innovations for Poverty Action (N/A, 7 projects), Partnership for Economic Policy (N/A, 7 projects), UNICEF (N/A, 7 projects), e-Asia JRP (N/A, 8 projects), FUNCAP (N/A, 8 projects), Innovations for Poverty Action/ FCDO (formerly DFID) (N/A, 8 projects), Shastri Institute (7.5k, 8 projects), Universidad de los Llanos (Colombia) (N/A, 8 projects), Department of Science and Innovation - South Africa /Technology Innovation Agency ($1.6m, 9 projects), FUNDECT ($37k, 9 projects), ICGEB (N/A, 9 projects), Instituto Evandro Chagas (N/A, 9 projects), RCN Norway ($4.7m, 9 projects), Volkswagen Stiftung (N/A, 9 projects), FAPEPI Brazil (N/A, 10 projects), Higher Education Commission Pakistan ( N/A, 10 projects), Nazarbayev University (N/A, 10 projects), IHCIETI Honduras (N/A, 11 projects), NSF (USA) ($1.8m, 11 projects), African Academy of Sciences ($2.2m, 12 projects), AUF (N/A, 12 projects), BRICS (N/A, 12 projects), FACEPE ($221k, 12 projects), South African Medical Research Council ($3.4m, 12 projects), SSHRC ($1.5m, 12 projects), NRF Kenya (N/A, 13 projects), AFD ($12.6m, 14 projects), FCDO (formerly DFID), National Institute for Health Research, Wellcome (Elrha funding call) ($1.2m, 14 projects), G2LM|LIC (N/A, 14 projects), PEDL (N/A, 14 projects), British Academy ($116k, 15 projects) FAPEG ($57.4k, 15 projects ), Fundação Araucária ($333k, 15 projects), Russian Science Foundation (N/A, 15 projects), Cambridge Africa (N/A, 16 projects), Novo Nordisk Foundation ($2.4m, 16 projects), Wellcome ($7.8m, 16 projects), Department of Science and Innovation - South Africa ($4.4m, 17 projects), European Commission ($134.8m, 17 projects), Institut Pasteur (N/A, 17 projects), National Council for Science and Technology Rwanda ($996k, 17 projects), OUCRU (N/A, 17 projects) RAENG ($439k, 17 projects), RSTMH / National Institute for Health Research (N/A,17 projects), SGC (N/A, 19 projects), Instituto Nacional de Salud Peru (N/A, 20 projects), FAPEMIG ($370k, 21 projects), SENACYT - Panama ($3.6m, 21 projects), FAPESC Brazil ($204.5k, 22 projects), FAPESB Brazil (N/A, 23 projects), FAPESQ (N/A, 23 projects), BIRAC (N/A ,25 projects) UKRI / National Institute for Health Research ($9.9m, 25 projects), Social Sciences Research Council (N/A, 25 projects), NIH ($163.9m, 26 projects), CIHR ($9.9m, 27 projects), National Institute for Health Research ($29.8m, 28 projects), CNRS Lebanon (N/A, 29 projects), FAPEMA ($252k, 29 projects).

The majority of projects funded by Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) are in HICs with only 3 in China and India. This likely speaks to the availability of the requisite research capacity in HICs for carrying out preclinical and early stages of vaccine research which these projects are primarily concerned with.

Cross-cutting themes. During the review and classification process projects were classified against eleven additional characteristics: capacity strengthening; cohorts; gender; implementation; indirect health impacts; innovation; long COVID; modelling; new variants; pandemic preparedness; and repurposed grants (descriptions of the types of projects classified against these are provided in the notes for Table 4). Table 4 summarises the distribution of the cross-cutting themes against the WHO Priority Areas.

Table 4. Number of Research Projects Included Under Each Cross-Cutting Theme and WHO Priority Area (known funding amounts indicated in brackets).

		WHO Priority Area
Theme	Number of Projects	Virus: natural history...	Animal and environmental research...	Epidemiological studies	Clinical characterization and management	Infection prevention and control...	Candidate therapeutics R&D	Candidate vaccines R&D	Ethics considerations for research	Social sciences in the outbreak response	N/A
Indirect Health Impacts ($356.1m)		27	0	77	243	119	12	2	37	1885	78
Innovation ($286.4m)		120	0	46	268	478	37	28	6	540	267
Modelling ($235.1m)		182	18	524	109	121	72	41	11	197	24
Repurposed ($429.0m)		180	6	79	210	69	173	38	6	298	52
Cohorts ($398.0m)		106	1	95	162	22	21	22	4	136	17
Capacity Strengthening ($280.5m)		61	3	40	36	34	23	13	14	178	29
Long COVID ($292.1m)		36	1	35	217	2	18	7	0	30	3
Gender ($42.7m)		6	0	10	9	9	3	3	4	235	6
Pandemic Preparedness ($181.7m)		23	5	50	22	31	21	6	6	113	16
Implementation ($386.1m)		19	0	8	13	24	10	3	1	57	62
New Variants ($88.1m)		109	3	35	21	3	19	39	0	9	0

Notes:

    i. Research projects may be assigned with multiple cross-cutting themes and WHO priority areas

    ii. Highlighted cells indicate the WHO Priority Area with the greatest number of projects for each cross-cutting theme (excluding projects that were not assigned a priority area, marked N/A).

    iii. Funding figures available for 61.2% of projects included in the latest version of the tracker database as not all funders provided financial information.

    iv. Definitions of cross-cutting themes-

     ◦    Capacity strengthening: Projects which involve a capacity strengthening component. Capacity strengthening at all levels- individual, institutional and national is included.

     ◦    Cohorts: Projects carried out in newly established cohorts or pivoted existing cohorts for COVID-19 research.

     ◦    Gender: Projects which incorporate a gendered lens in description of methods/ objectives and project outputs.

     ◦    Implementation: Grants for facilitating research administration.

     ◦    Indirect Health Impacts: Projects focusing on indirect health impacts of COVID-19, for example related to disruptions in healthcare services, neonatal, maternal and child health, non-communicable diseases, chronic disease conditions and mental health.

     ◦    Innovation: Projects involving novel inventions and interventions.

     ◦    Long COVID: Projects involving the long-term morbidity and enduring symptoms of COVID-19 beyond the initial infection.

     ◦    Modelling: Projects involving any form of modelling in the methodology.

     ◦    New Variants: Projects involving new variants of the coronavirus that cause COVID-19.

     ◦    Pandemic Preparedness: Projects with preparedness for future pandemics as an objective.

     ◦    Repurposed projects: Pre-COVID research grants (usually for MERS, SARS and other pathogens) where additional funding has been awarded for tailoring to COVID-19 research.

Looking at the number of projects under each cross-cutting theme ( Table 4), the theme of ‘innovation’, is largely driven by the large presence of UKRI data which has a separate ‘innovation’ specific funding stream (1,157 projects accounting for 69.5% of these projects).

The vast majority of repurposed grants (66.7%) were funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) totalling $291.8m. The number of repurposed grants is expected to increase as funders continue to make this data available.

Study populations included in projects. Just over half of the research projects included in the latest version of the tracker deal with human populations (51.7%) with a significant emphasis on populations that have tested positive for COVID-19 (19.4% of research projects studying human populations) as well as population groups defined as vulnerable within the project (17.2% of research projects studying human populations). Figure 10 summarises how the research projects are classified across all levels of the study population categorisation system outlined above.

Figure 10. COVID-19 Research Projects Classified Using Study Population Categorisation System (number of projects indicated in brackets).

Note: Individual research projects may be classified against multiple categories/sub-categories. 

UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery

The total number of included projects relevant to the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery was 6,421, with a total known funding amount of $1.2 billion (previously 5,622 projects worth $1.0 billion).

Figure 11. (COVID-19 Research Projects and known funding amounts Classified Against Research Priorities Outlined in UN Research Roadmap) displays the number of projects relevant to each of the five thematic pillars from the UN Research Roadmap and the known funding amounts (as not all funders provided financial information for their awarded research projects). Across the five thematic pillars identified in the UN Research Roadmap, the ‘Social Protection and Basic Services’ pillar had the largest number of associated research projects (2,541) and the second highest known level of funding at $427.6 million (previously 2,192 projects worth $352.9 million). The ‘Health Systems and Services’ pillar ranks second in terms of the total number of research projects (1,812) but had the highest known research funding amount of $529.5 million (previously 1,659 projects worth $475.7 million).

Figure 11. COVID-19 Research Projects Classified Against Pillars Identified in the UN Research Roadmap.

Figure 12. (Number of research projects and known funding amounts included under each Research Priority outlined in the UN Research Roadmap) This shows how the 6,421 tracker projects of relevance to the UN Research Roadmap have been categorized against the 25 Research Priorities mentioned in the UN Research Roadmap. The names of the research priorities are listed in full as Extended data ⁸ . The overall number of projects associated with individual UN Research Roadmap research priorities reflects the trend across the five thematic pillars. Five of the ten research priorities with the greatest number of research projects are from the two pillars with the greatest number of projects – ‘Health systems and services’ (2 research priorities in the top 10), and ‘Social protection and basic services’ (3). Three research priorities related to ‘Economic response and recovery’, and two research priorities related to ‘Social cohesion and community resilience’ were also among the top ten.

Figure 12. Number of Research Projects Included Under Research Priority Areas Outlined in UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery (known funding amounts indicated in brackets).

Similarly, when considering the priority areas with the largest known funding amounts, the ‘Health systems and services’ and ‘Social protection and basic services’ pillars each feature three priority areas in the top ten (according to data on the latest version of the tracker).

The ‘Macroeconomic policies and multilateral collaboration’ pillar has the least number of projects overall – with all five related research priorities among the seven lowest funded research areas (in terms of both the number of projects and known funding amounts).

Trends in Funding Over Time. To understand the progression of funding for COVID-19 research over time, Figure 13 summarises the cumulative sum of projects and funding amounts on the tracker according to either the date that the award was made or the publication date of award information by funders (as opposed to the date when the details of projects were added to the tracker as there may be a lag between the time that funders publish award information and the time that such information is located and subsequently added to the tracker).

Figure 13. Cumulative number of projects and known funding amounts* by month of funder database release.

All but one of the additional 2,051 projects that were added to the tracker since the 15 ^th of July 2022 came from databases that were known to be published prior to July 15 ^th 2022 and are therefore ‘newly captured’, but not newly funded (the remaining project did not have a date of release). More widely, Figure 13 shows a rapid expansion of projects funded over the summer of 2020 – particularly between June and September, with a slower pace of new funding emerging from October 2020 onwards.

Of projects taking place in at least one LMIC, 46.3% came from funder databases published between June and October 2020. The projects in this period were largely funded by LMIC-based funders – most notably the Argentinian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (with 185 projects); the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (132); and Decanato de Pesquisa e Inovação (102).

Discussion

This twenty-seven-month and final update review of the UKCDR and GloPID-R COVID-19 Research Project Tracker has described the huge investment and wide range of research projects repurposed or newly funded related to COVID-19 captured in the tracker between January 15 ^th 2022 to October 15 ^th 2022. It has shown a continued expansion of both funding and capture of funding across the global funding landscape in the tracker, including importantly research taking place within LMICs. The progression of funding has expanded the funding portfolio in the previously well-funded areas, in particular ‘virus natural history, transmission and diagnostics’, ‘candidate therapeutics R&D’ and ‘candidate vaccines R&D’ as well as starting to fill some of the previously less funded sub-priority areas, such as ‘supply of therapeutics’ and ethics ‘education, access and capacity building’. The final iteration has continued to show a clear plateauing of the funding response, with none of the new funding captured being awarded within the most up-to-date three month window.

We are keen for researchers, funders and policy makers to engage with these data directly for their areas of specialism and interest, through extracting the relevant data from the tracker and undertaking their own analyses to aid decision making. Given the time demands on all parties in the pandemic, we hoped that the regular provision of these descriptive and thematic analyses provide broad insights to help inform the research community and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the research response going forwards.

Going forward this COVID-19 data will be incorporated into a wider funding tracker for infectious diseases of pandemic potential under the new Pandemic Preparedness: Analytical Capacity and Funding Tracking Programme (Pandemic PACT) and new living reviews will be established during 2023 ¹⁴ .

Alignment of the funded research portfolio to the 2020 WHO Roadmap

Importantly, here we have aligned the funded research to the mid- and long-term research and innovation priorities of the WHO Roadmap and disaggregated the data by locations and population to give a detailed picture of how the research landscape aligns to these global research priorities.

The majority of research funded aligns well to the WHO Roadmap at the priority level, however, low levels of funding in the global research funding portfolio persist, specifically related to the priority areas of ‘Ethics considerations for research’ and ‘Animals and environmental,’ and increasingly new areas going beyond the sub-priorities stated in the WHO Roadmap are being researched. Whilst it is not possible to tell from the funded portfolio alone what is the appropriate level of funding for any priority area, we believe that ‘Animals and Environmental’ does still represent important and real research gaps, towards which the research community should be shifting its attention and for which GloPID-R has now partnered with the STAR-IDAZ consortium to set up a One Health working group. It is also important to note the intention and detail of these and all priority areas within the WHO Roadmap, where there is variability in who is best positioned to address the research sub-priorities with some clearly needing external research activity and others indicating research activity that the WHO planned to undertake directly themselves.

The lack of alignment of funded research projects to the ‘Ethics considerations for research’ priority may be one such example, as it misses the direct activity that the WHO has undertaken to address this priority through direct research and provision of important guidance on ethical matters relating to COVID-19 ¹⁵ , which align to the sub-priorities as well as the clear strength of ethical consideration across many research projects (which don’t necessarily have a core focus on ethics). Despite these considerations, both researchers and research funders need to pay greater attention to the prominence placed on ethical considerations for research by the WHO and ensure that further research is undertaken on those aspects outlined under the roadmap priority area explicitly for standalone ethics research (which we note have continued to expand in this iteration).

For ‘Animals and environmental research’, again the WHO has undertaken direct activity in this regard (including their mission with China ¹⁶ ). and through a recent scientific publication on the origins of COVID-19 ¹⁷ . However, except for a few notable projects in LMICs, the instigation of necessary broader research activity in this area, particularly looking towards gaining broader understanding of how such viruses emerge in the human population and proactive surveillance is certainly limited and needs to be expanded and longer term in nature. This research needs to be undertaken in locations where diseases are most likely to emerge, due to the nature of interactions between humans and animals ¹⁸ , many of which are LMICs and this could therefore play an increasingly important role in the research portfolios in these locations going forward. It is also important that this research activity for this priority expands beyond the remit of the WHO and through collaborations with the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) through a One Health framework ¹⁹ and the newly ‘international expert panel to address the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases’ is a further step towards this 20

Beyond the clear gaps at the priority level, it is inherently difficult to conclude when a particular priority area has received sufficient research funding or research projects at the grant award stage, as this is only apparent when the outcomes are achieved and it is clear that the research question has been sufficiently answered. We do however further note that within some of the better funded WHO research priority areas, there are still certain sub-priorities that again present clear gaps. This is the case for ‘Optimal endpoints for clinical trials’ and ‘Develop core clinical outcomes to maximize usability of data across range of trials’ within the ‘Clinical characterisation and management’ priority area. This may well result from the fact that these activities will be implicit but not explicit in clinical research projects; however, this in itself may indicate a clear issue where both these sub-priorities are essential for collation of results across studies and should therefore be explicit, pointing to the generally observed lack of coordination beyond a few pre-established clinical trial networks as highlighted in discussions at the GloPID-R Synergies Meetings ²¹ . In contrast, the variability of research activity indicated within the ‘Candidate therapeutics R&D’ priority area appears to reflect the inter-dependencies of these sub-priorities rather than necessarily a gap needing immediate funding, with research into ‘Supply of therapeutics’ depending to some extent on the identification of particular safe and effective therapeutics.

For those sub-priorities where research investments have been focused there will continue to be benefits to enhanced coordination. We have already highlighted the wide range of social science research projects addressing ‘Uptake of public health measures’ and ‘Media & communication’ sub-priorities to the WHO COVID-19 Social Sciences working group. The basic virus research on ‘Diagnostic products’, ‘Virus compartments shedding and history’ and ‘Characterising immunity’ are further areas where coordination should be explored globally due to large, funded research portfolios. Many of these basic virus research projects are explicitly linked to the early stages of candidate therapeutic, vaccine and diagnostic design, and as results have become available from late-stage trials on the effectiveness of various classes of these and they are being rolled out; there is a need to refine the focus of the pipeline research more strategically to both target remaining gaps and build on emerging successes.

Location of research

The majority of the funded research projects in the tracker are located in HICs, reflecting national funding by some of the wealthiest research funders, with the truly global nature of the pandemic meaning that virus was circulating in these countries to enable relevant clinical research. A large amount of research has also been funded within China, although as explained in the limitations we have not managed to incorporate this. The global distribution of funding is now shifted slightly, with more funding calls and announcements related to LMICs and some domestic funding captured (e.g. in Brazil). There appears to have been growing recognition that context specific research is needed in LMICs ^{12, 22} although the results presented here show only small proportional expansion of funding dedicated to context specific research priorities with an important focus on faster and easier diagnostic tools and identifying prognostic factors of severe COVID-19 infections. There remain clear research gaps relating to health systems, optimal personal protective equipment use, health care worker support, community engagement, disease severity studies and effective public health interventions in various settings. We published a separate detailed sub-analysis of the baseline tracker data relating to COVID-19 research in Africa, in collaboration with the African Academy of Sciences ⁷ .

Research populations

The disaggregation of research projects by populations is particularly insightful with regards to the ‘Social Sciences’ WHO Roadmap priority, but also for the ‘Clinical management’ and ‘Epidemiological studies’ priority areas. A range of vulnerable populations appear to be well represented for the social sciences including ‘minority populations’. A range of health care worker populations and other frontline workers are also included in research funded, which again is important due to the clear evidence on greater risks of exposure to individuals in certain occupations ²³ in this pandemic. Children are well represented in the epidemiological studies in accordance with the prioritisation of understanding their role in transmission but underrepresented in the studies on long COVID. The disaggregation of research by different populations can be particularly useful to policy makers and to ensuring research activity engages the necessary range of populations.

Beyond the 2020 WHO Roadmap

Given the funded research projects within the tracker relate to disciplines beyond health (with relevance to COVID-19) it is unsurprising that several important emergent research themes identified relating to broader vaccine research and social sciences disciplines (policy and economy; education; logistics and food security) and also environmental research, extend beyond the priorities included in the WHO Roadmap Priorities. These all represent important areas for COVID-19 research which funders and researchers are already prioritising with research projects. The two emergent themes of mental health and digital health are however directly relevant to the health research remit and appear to have not been sufficiently covered in the WHO Roadmap document, although projects on these are being funded. The emerging category of research on long COVID was not evident or anticipated as a research need at the time of development of the WHO Roadmap (although it should now inform the need for prioritisation of research including long-term follow up of cases for any newly emerging disease) ²⁴ . These shifting priorities emphasise the need for ‘living’ research priority roadmaps, given the original roadmap was developed three years ago at the outset of the pandemic.

We may also be observing the evolution of research priorities from response to recovery and expect to see further examples of this. The expansion of COVID-19 research beyond the original WHO Roadmap document illustrates the wide-reaching social, economic and cultural impacts of the pandemic. We have for the fifth time in this iteration mapped the funded research portfolio against the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery ⁶ which identifies 25 research priorities across five pillars (health systems and services, social protection and basic services, economic response and recovery, macroeconomic policies and multilateral collaboration and social cohesion and community resilience). This has helped to categorise the many social sciences projects which fall outside the remit of the WHO roadmap and provides an initial assessment of the funded research portfolio against these UN identified priorities. The results indicate a large proportion of the funded research projects (32.1%) have relevance to the COVID-19 recovery agenda, however at the research priority level the notable absence of projects addressing ‘macroeconomic policies and multilateral collaboration’ may indicate an important gap.

A key strength of this tracker is its breadth and we have therefore undertaken some initial cross-cutting thematic analyses across it here to highlight additional variables that cross- cut disciplines with the inclusion of capacity strengthening, innovation, repurposed grants, modelling, cohorts, pandemic preparedness, implementation, indirect health impact, gender, long covid and new variants. The analyses on these themes are given greater focus in ’tracker highlight’ analyses released on the tracker website ³ .

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have here provided a final detailed review and thematic analysis across the COVID-19 funded research available. We now encourage the research community to use this and the tracker tool to support informed decision making on further research prioritisation, based on the knowledge of what research is already initiated. We encourage research funders to continue to submit their data to the tracker to ensure it can be as effective as possible, as the data will be translated into the new Pandemic PACT tool referenced above which will cover a wider range of diseases and contribute to pandemic preparedness through visibility of funding an research activity at the outset of outbreaks.

The global research response has aligned well to the WHO Roadmap, however clear research gaps appear to remain in the portfolio relating to ‘Animals and environmental’ priority areas as well as research taking place in and relating to priorities of relevance to LMICs. These gaps highlight inherent structural issues in global research funding which will need to be addressed in order to improve preparedness for effective research during future outbreaks. Research relating to diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines (from basic research onwards) have now all received substantial investment, across a huge number of different studies around the world. Initial tracking also indicates robust alignment between the global research investments and research priorities identified in the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID Recovery with investments focused on health systems, social protection and social cohesion and community resilience. Research to better understand the role of macroeconomic policies and multilateral collaboration for social and economic recovery from COVID-19 is a notable gap.

To ensure the research investments yield impact, there is now need for enhanced coordination and reprioritisation (taking stock of achievements and defining whether original priorities are still valid over two years on). This is particularly important now that the initial flourish of research funding for COVID-19 appears to be plateauing and research priorities evolving.

We have also demonstrated the power of tracking research funding at source in real-time, which is particularly important in the fast-moving research environment created by a pandemic, but may have benefits for other global collaborative research efforts going forward. The challenge of nationally funded projects that are underpowered and therefore unable to achieve their aims, demands that researchers and funders be much more strategic going forwards to efficiently and effectively advance knowledge within epidemics and pandemics. Tools such as this tracker can facilitate global collaboration and solidarity to maximise the efficiency and impact of research funding.

Limitations of findings and challenges

To the best of our knowledge we have compiled the most comprehensive database of funded COVID-19 research. We are however very mindful of its inherent limitations and the difficulties in gaining a fully comprehensive picture in what is a truly global research effort to a global pandemic. One main limitation is the absence of commercial research data making inferences on gaps in the vaccine and therapeutics portfolios difficult (this is lacking due to associated intellectual property restrictions). This tracker however has rich data on the early stage development research for those same priorities which is valuable for public funder coordination efforts and enables thematic analyses across disciplines. Another limitation is the fact that few funders to date have shared data on repurposed grants or grants for institutional funding which may have been used for COVID-19 related research.

We are also aware of several funders across wider geographies and disciplines, from whom we have not yet been able to incorporate data. We call here for further research funders (especially within LMICs) to continue to submit their data to make this tracker and associated analyses more accurate to improve the ongoing coordination and help focus limited resources.

The alignment of research in this tracker to the priorities outlined in the WHO Roadmap also has its challenges, given the Roadmap was produced at speed by drawing together findings from different working groups operating in different ways. The resulting priorities are unsurprisingly imbalanced with some covering much broader research areas than others and with not all sub-priorities intended to be addressed by newly funded research. We have tried to account for this in the discussion of the results here. Another limitation of these priorities and indeed any priorities in a pandemic is their limited temporal nature. The WHO Roadmap priorities that we have mapped here, although named mid- to long-term priorities, were identified by world experts in February 2020, at a time when the majority of cases of COVID-19 were still in China and a pandemic had not yet been declared.

Despite these limitations, this tracker and analyses have contributed to improving coordination and effective decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will incorporate the lessons learned from this process into our new Pandemic PACT initiative going forwards.

Sustainability and future work

This living mapping review has been updated on a quarterly basis for the duration of the COVID CIRCLE initiative. Given the tracker contains a broad range of research relating to COVID-19 (beyond health research) and the evolution towards longer term thinking around research priorities, we have continued to code to the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID Recovery ⁶ in collaboration with the team who developed it. We will continue to expand on this work through the new Pandemic PACT programme ¹⁴ .

Funding Statement

The COVID CIRCLE initiative is funded by Wellcome, UK DHSC and UKRI. COVID CIRCLE is also supported by core funding to UKCDR from DFID, UK BEIS, UKRI, UK DHSC, Wellcome and DEFRA and by in-kind contributions from the GloPID-R Secretariat funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreements 643434 and 874667

Data availability

Underlying data

The continuingly updated data related to this study are openly available in the ‘COVID-19 Research Project Tracker by UKCDR & GloPID-R’ at https://www.ukcdr.org.uk/funding-landscape/covid-19-research-project-tracker/.

Replication Data for: ‘A living mapping review for COVID-19 funded research projects: final (27 month) update", https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22930337.v1, Harvard Dataverse, V1.1

Extended data

Figshare: Extended data for ‘'A living mapping review for COVID-19 funded research projects: final (27-month) update.. figshare. Journal contribution. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21814668.v1

This project contains the following extended data:

• 20221221 - Figure 1 (PRISMA Flow).docx

• 20221221 Extended data 2 Data sources.docx

• 20221219 - Figures (3, 6, 10).pptx

• 20221216 Figures (2, 4, 5, 12, 13).docx

• Figure 7, 8 & 9.docx

• Figure 11 and table 4

• Ext data 1 COVID19 Research Project Tracker_Template_ Norton et al August 2020.xlsx

• Ext data 3 WHO priorities.docx

• Ext data 4 African and LMIC research priorities.docx

Reporting guidelines

Figshare: PRISMA checklist for ‘A living mapping review for COVID-19 funded research projects: final (27 month) update. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22930337.v1 ⁸

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