ABSTRACT
Objective:
To evaluate the fellow in knee surgery and the training offered by accredited programs in Brazil.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study administered a questionnaire to fellows in knee surgery.
Results:
Most fellows reported being assisted by the preceptor in theoretical, practical, and scientific activities.
Conclusion:
The training offered by accredited programs to fellows in knee surgery presented good results for their education. This study may propose educational measures for the Brazilian Society for Surgery of the Knee (SBCJ). Level of Evidence IIC, Cross-sectional study.
Keywords: Internship and Residency, Knee, Orthopedics
RESUMO
Objetivo:
Avaliar o especializando em cirurgia de joelho e o treinamento oferecido pelos serviços credenciados no Brasil.
Métodos:
Estudo transversal por meio de um questionário enviado para os especializados em cirurgia de joelho responderem.
Resultados:
A maioria dos especializandos relataram assistência por parte da preceptoria nas atividades teórica, prática e científica.
Conclusão:
O treinamento dos serviços credenciados oferecido para os especializandos em cirurgia de joelho apresentou bons resultados para a formação deles. O estudo pode promover medidas educacionais para a Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia de Joelho (SBCJ). Nível de Evidência IIC, Estudo transversal.
Descritores: Internato e Residência, Joelho, Ortopedia
INTRODUCTION
In Brazil, orthopedic training consists of three years of medical residency and approval in the examination for title license at its end, organized by the Brazilian Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (SBOT). These are necessary steps for an orthopedist to improve within the subspecialties. Knee fellowship lasts one year and comprises an examination at the end of the residency to grant fellows, if approved, the title of specialist.
The Brazilian Society for Surgery of the Knee (SBCJ) has accredited 83 programs with an average of 134 vacancies/year for specialty training, which includes: clinical and surgical education, theoretical training, involvement in clinical trials, and doctor-patient relationship. 1
Although the country literature presents studies related to medical education and training, ( 2 those focused on orthopedics are scarce. Moreover, little is known about the profile of the candidate that chooses to specialize in knee surgery.
This cross-sectional study aims to determine the profile of fellows in knee surgery and services accredited by the SBCJ, understanding how this population’s training is and whether it follows a national standard. In doing so, our results may eventually assist further educational and universal measures.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP).
This cross-sectional study (level of evidence IIC, according to the Oxford Classification) administered a questionnaire to fellows in knee surgery of programs accredited by the SBCJ in 2017. All fellows agreed to participate, and their data were obtained with SBCJ consent. Yet, participants’ data were kept confidential.
Initially, each participant was contact by email, receiving an explanation about the study and the questionnaire attached by the digital software SurveyMonkey. Three attempts were made, with an interval of two weeks between each.
When participants failed to provide a response, telephone contact would be attempted for three times. In the eventual lack of response, we would attempt to contact the fellow by letter, two times, with the questionnaire attached.
Fellows who did not answer the survey after all attempts by email, telephone, and letter and those who answered incompletely were excluded.
The questionnaire was composed of 26 questions divided into 4 blocks: fellow’s personal information, training place, practical/surgical/clinical training, and involvement in scientific projects (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Questionnaire administered to 2017 fellows in knee surgery.
Results were tabulated in the Microsoft Excel (Microsoft®,USA), analyzed, and interpreted. Data were presented in absolute numbers and percentages, in tables and graphs.
RESULTS
We evaluated data obtained from the questionnaires and compared them according to a division proposed by the SBCJ, which defines seven regional (São Paulo; Rio de Janeiro; South; Minas Gerais/Espírito Santo; North; Northeast; and Midwest) for 83 accredited programs (Table 1).
Table 1. Programs accredited by the SBCJ for fellowship training in knee surgery in Brazil.
| São Paulo Regional | |
|---|---|
| 39 Programs | City |
| Clínica Nunes Ortopedia Traumatologia (CNOT) | Campinas |
| Clínica de Traumatologia e Ortopedia (CTO) | Campinas |
| Centro de Estudos do Centro de Ortopedia e Reabilitação at Esporte do Hospital do Coração (CECORE) | Sao Paulo |
| Centro Médico Kawano (CEMKA) | Sao Paulo |
| Centro de Traumato-Ortopedia do Esporte (CETE) UNIFESP | Sao Paulo |
| Clínica Ortopédica Cidade Jardim | Sao Paulo |
| Knee Surgery Group of the Clínica Ortopédica Tatuapé | Sao Paulo |
| Clínica Pacheco | Piracicaba |
| Clínica Traumato-Ortopédica Prof. Dr. Hilário Maldonado/ Associação Beneficente Hospital Universitário (ABHU) | Marilia |
| Knee Group of the Complexo Hospital do Mandaqui | Sao Paulo |
| Centro de Tratamento do Joelho (CTJ) | Sao Paulo |
| Knee Surgery Group of the Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) | São J do Rio Preto |
| Knee Surgery Group of the Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (FMABC) | Santo Andre |
| Sports traumatology Group of the FMABC | Santo Andre |
| Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein | São Paulo |
| Sports Medicine Group of the IOT - HCFMUSP | Sao Paulo |
| Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP (HC FMRP-USP) | Ribeirao Preto |
| Knee Group of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Marília (HC-Famema) | Marilia |
| Knee Group of the Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP (HC-UNICAMP) | Campinas |
| Knee Group of the Orthopedic Trauma Service from the Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual Francismo Morato de Oliveira (HSPE-FMO) | Sao Paulo |
| Knee Surgery Group of the Hospital Nipo Brasileiro | Sao Paulo |
| Casa de Saúde Santa Marcelina | São Paulo |
| Knee Group of the Hospital São Bernardo do Campo (IFOR) | Sao Paulo |
| Hospital Novo Atibaia - Instituto do Joelho “Dr. Kenji Kawakami” | Atibaia |
| Knee Group of the Orthoservice Hospital Ortopédico | Sao Jose dos Campos |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Regional de Osasco - Dr. Vivaldo Martins Simões | Osasco |
| Instituto Cohen | Sao Paulo |
| Instituto Vita | Sao Paulo |
| Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT) - HCFMUSP | Sao Paulo |
| Núcleo de Ortopedia e Medicina Esportiva | Sorocaba |
| Clinica ORTOTRAUMAESPORTE | Sao Paulo |
| Ortocity Serviços Médicos | Sao Paulo |
| Knee Group of the Department of Orthopedics PUC - Campinas | Campinas |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Marília | Marilia |
| Knee Surgery Group of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Santa Casa de Misericordia de São Paulo | Sao Paulo |
| Knee Group of the DOT-EPM - UNIFESP | Sao Paulo |
| Unisa | Sao Paulo |
| Hospital Municipal Cármino Caricchio | Sao Paulo |
| Hospital Universitário São Francisco | Bragança Paulista |
| Rio de Janeiro Regional | |
| 6 Programs | City |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Santa Teresa | Petropolis |
| Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle/Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) | Rio de Janeiro |
| Center for Knee Surgery of the Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia | Rio de Janeiro |
| Knee Group of the Hospital da Polícia Militar do RJ | Rio de Janeiro |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado-RJ | Rio de Janeiro |
| Hospital Rios D'or | Rio de Janeiro |
| South Regional (SC/ PR/ RS) | |
| 14 Programs | City |
| Instituto Balsini | Joinville |
| Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (IOT) from Santa Catarina | Joinville |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Ortopédico de Passo Fundo | Passo Fundo |
| Orthopedic Trauma Service of the Hospital São Lucas of PUC-RS | Porto Alegre |
| Knee Group of the Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia de Passo Fundo | Passo Fundo |
| Knee Group of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre | Porto Alegre |
| Serviço de Ortopedia e Traumatologia Independente (SOTI) | Porto Alegre |
| Clínica do Joelho de Londrina | Londrina |
| Centro de Traumatologia Esportiva e Artroscopia (CTEA) | Curitiba |
| Knee Group of the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná | Curitiba |
| Knee Group of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre | Porto Alegre |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Universitário Cajuru - PUC-PR | Curitiba |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba | Curitiba |
| Uniort.e Ortopedia Especializada | Londrina |
| ES/MG Regional | |
| 12 Programs | City |
| Knee Group of the Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais | Belo Horizonte |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Mater Dei - BH | Belo Horizonte |
| Knee Group of the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais | Belo Horizonte |
| Knee Group of the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia | Uberlandia |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Madre Teresa | Belo Horizonte |
| Hospital Ortopédico de Belo Horizonte | Uberaba |
| Hospital Universitário Mário Palmério | Uberaba |
| Hospital Felício Rocho | Belo Horizonte |
| OrtoLife - Centro Ortopédico Avançado | Belo Horizonte |
| Knee Group of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Belo Horizonte | Belo Horizonte |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Biocor | Belo Horizonte |
| Complexo Hospitalar São Franciso - Hospital Santa Lúcia (Serviço Nelson Baisi Cerqueira) | Belo Horizonte |
| Midwest Regional (TO, DF, GO, MS, MT) | |
| 3 Programs | City |
| Knee Group of the Hospital das Forças Armadas | Brasilia |
| HOME/Brazilian Olympic Committee (COB) | Brasilia |
| Knee Advanced Surgery Training of the Orthopedics and Traumatology Medical Residency of the HC of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) | Goiania |
| North Regional (MA, PA, AM, RN, RO, AP, AC) | |
| 2 Programs | City |
| Knee Group of the Hospital Adventista de Manaus | Manaus |
| Knee Surgery Service of the Fundação Hospital Adriano Jorge | Manaus |
| Northeast Regional (BA,SE,AL); (PE,PB,RN, CE,PI) | |
| 7 Programs | City |
| COT | Salvador |
| Clínica Ortopédica de Acidentados | Recife |
| Instituto de Traumatologia e Ortopedia Romeu Krause (ITORK) | Recife |
| ORTOPED | Salvador |
| Knee Group of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia da Bahia | Salvador |
| Hospital São Rafael/Hospital Manoel Vitorino | Salvador |
| Physiotherapy Center of the Obras Sociais Irmã Dulce Serviço from the Hospital Santo Antonio | Salvador |
Among the 134 fellows in knee surgery in 2017, 91 (68%) were included and completed the study, and 43 (32%) were excluded for not answering the survey or answering it incompletely. Table 2 shows the distribution according accredited programs location, number of fellows in the country, and number of participants in the study.
Table 2. Distribution by SBCJ regional and number of programs, fellows, and participants in the study.
| SBCJ Regional | Accredited Programs | 2017 Fellows | Study Participants |
|---|---|---|---|
| São Paulo | 39 | 70 | 56 |
| South | 14 | 15 | 8 |
| Minas Gerais/Espírito Santo | 12 | 13 | 6 |
| Northeast | 7 | 19 | 11 |
| Rio de Janeiro | 6 | 11 | 6 |
| Midwest | 3 | 5 | 3 |
| North | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Fellow’s mean age was 31.27 years, ranging from 27 to 39 years (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Number of fellows in knee surgery × age.
Only one of the 91 participants were women. All other participants were men (98.8%). Most fellows (41%) were born in the state of São Paulo (Table 3).
Table 3. Place of birth of 2017 fellows in knee surgery.
| Estados | Nº de especializando |
|---|---|
| SP | 37 |
| RJ | 7 |
| CE | 6 |
| MG | 7 |
| PA | 2 |
| TO | 2 |
| PI | 2 |
| SC | 1 |
| PR | 5 |
| RN | 1 |
| RS | 5 |
| PB | 1 |
| MA | 2 |
| RO | 2 |
| ES | 2 |
| PE | 2 |
| AM | 1 |
| BA | 3 |
| AL | 3 |
Regarding academic record, 84% of the participants started their fellowship right after finishing orthopedics residency. In total, 87% declared that knee surgery was their first fellowship. For 63%, the place where they undertook orthopedics residency was not the same as the fellowship training. But 74% reported that both programs were located within the same state.
The place of residence is the same as the fellowship program for 60% of participants. For those who places differ, 80% intend to return to their hometown after completion.
Regarding accredited programs, we found that: 46% of fellows reported their programs to be connected to a university and/or faculty, among which 60% work in a public institution, 71% in a private institution, and 60% in both public and private institutions. Participants who attend both institutions reported that 20 to 60% of the activities are in public services, whereas 30 to 80% are in private services.
A total of 58% reported attending 2 to 3 hospitals weekly (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Number of hospitals attended by fellows in a week.
The average weekly workload was 42.07 hours (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Fellows’ workload per week.
Moreover, 89% of them receive no financial remuneration.
Regarding theoretical activities, 11% reported having no theoretical activity, and the maximum theoretical load, reported by 5 participants, was 12 hours per week (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Weekly workload of theoretical activities.
We found 59% of fellows to consider the amount of theoretical activity adequate for both knowledge and examination. Participants distributed it as follows (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Number of fellows × theoretical activities.
As for practical surgical activities, 94% of the participants reported effectively participating in surgical procedures, and 95% reported being supported and taught by preceptors.
Regarding the type of surgical procedures in which fellows participate weekly, 64% reported participating in one to two prostheses, 63% two to four arthroscopies, 76% two to four ACL, and 76% reported not participating in PCL. Percentages for meniscus were: 74% participate in one to three partial meniscectomy, and 39% participate in a meniscus suture repair per week, whereas 63% reported not participating in surgeries for complex lesions. Finally, 85% reported participating in other knee-related surgeries weekly, such as osteotomies, patellofemoral instability (PFI), chondral injuries, medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction (MPFL), and 71% reported participating in one to two knee fractures (Table 4).
Table 4. Number of surgical procedures performed by each fellow per week.
| Types of surgical procedures per week X quantity | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 16 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthroplasty | 15 | 31 | 28 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Arthroscopy | 0 | 7 | 12 | 9 | 37 | 9 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| ACL | 0 | 4 | 35 | 22 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| PCL | 70 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Partial meniscectomy | 0 | 23 | 31 | 14 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Meniscorraphy | 44 | 36 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Complex lesions | 58 | 27 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 13 | 38 | 28 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fractures | 19 | 35 | 30 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
We found that 64% participated in one to two prostheses per week, and 63% from two to four.
However, fellows also reported participating in surgeries in joints other than the knee joint (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Surgeries in other joints performed by the fellows × number of fellows.
By the end of the fellowship, 100% of the participants believed to be capable of performing arthroscopic ACL reconstruction and partial meniscectomy, and 61% of performing prosthesis surgery (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Surgeries fellows will be able to perform after fellowship completion.
As for financial difficulties, entailing the lack of material and team, 42% of fellows reported facing difficulties in their programs.
In total, 80% reported being involved in scientific research, among which 86% already address knee surgery as theme. Although 60% are interested in research, 28% have no support for performing it. Of these, 50% stated that the lack of support is due to having no advisor and/or knowledge.
According to 78% of the participants, their program offer support for scientific activity.
DISCUSSION
The Brazilian Society of Orthopedics and Traumatology (SBOT) is considered one of the most organized national medical specialty societies. It provides a guideline, approved by the National Medical Residency Commission by resolution No. 2/2006, for the training of residents. It also annually publishes the necessary contents and methods to their training. ( 3
The Brazilian Society for Surgery of the Knee (SBCJ) is one of the SBOT’s most traditional subspecialties, with many members in Brazil. Compared with other subspecialties, it has the largest number of applicants per vacancy for specialty training and presents numerous accredited programs throughout the country. Considering that, we deemed it would be interesting to conduct this evaluation with fellows in knee surgery.
Although there are 83 accredited programs in the country, their geographical distribution is unequal. The São Paulo regional alone has 39 programs, whereas the North regional has only two. Chaves et al.4 evaluated the national demographics of medical residency vacancies and found that the highest number of vacancies and 54.5%4 of specialists acting in the field are within the southeast region.
Such inequality could be explained by the infrastructures present in the city centers, higher salary and better job opportunities, and the improved quality of life, which favor doctors’ settlement. ( 4 However, more fellowship training programs and medical schools in poorer regions could attract and play a role in settling doctors within them. ( 5
We found yet another discrepancy: the presence of a single female fellow in knee surgery. Women make up a larger percentage of residents in comparison to men, but men still prevail in surgical fields. ( 6 According to Neumayer et al., ( 7 only 15% of women end up choosing a surgical specialty. Van Heest et al. ( 8 ) also showed that they represent 13% of orthopedic residents in the USA, and only 4% are members of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS).
Rohde et al. ( 9 found some explanations of why women tend not to choose by orthopedics, such as: lack of work-life balance, high demand of physical strength, and lack of guidance in graduation. Women who opt by orthopedics often act as general orthopedists, or choose subspecialties focused in hand, pediatric, or sports.
We also analyzed preceptors’ performance towards fellows. The preceptor’s role is to support students in developing problem-solving strategies, besides teaching them using case discussions, classes, and surgical procedures. ( 10 ), ( 11 ), ( 12 ) Our results indicate that fellows are satisfied with their preceptors and the theoretical teachings, esteeming SBCJ accredited programs - even though 11% of participants reported having no theoretical activities. Velho et al. ( 13 conducted a cross-sectional study with resident physicians in a university hospital, finding that 79.7% of them were satisfied with their preceptors’ qualification and competence and 70% were unhappy or dissatisfied with the theoretical load.
Our results show that 60% of the participants work in public and private services. In Brazil, teaching hospitals reflect the issues in the public health system. The shortage of hospital beds and the lack of adequate materials and equipment compromises patient care and fellowship training in knee surgery. ( 14 ), ( 15 Conversely, the private sector complements the abovementioned scarcity, playing a key role on these professionals’ training.
The most common types of knee surgeries - as ACL reconstruction, total knee replacement, and arthroscopy - often feature in fellows’ routine, as well as other types of surgery, such as osteotomies, patellofemoral instability, trauma around the knee joint, extensor mechanism injuries, and chondral injuries. Interestingly, 100% of the participants believed to be capable of performing arthroscopic ACL reconstruction and partial meniscectomy by the end of fellowship, but not other procedures. An alternative to complement this range and provide a more comprehensive training would be expanding fellows’ training in simulators, cadaver activities, and workshops.
Malempati et al. ( 1 found that fellows specializing in spinal surgery also believe they need a longer time to learn certain surgeries. For Kim et al., ( 16 a valid alternative for the training of new orthopedic surgeons would be practicing in pig knee. Martin et al. ( 17 reported that residents improved their skills after practicing in a shoulder arthroscopy simulator. According to Aïm et al., ( 18 virtual training improves orthopedic surgeon’s technical skills, although requiring additional trials to transfer virtual training into a real operating room.
Scientific articles are the main channel for spreading medical knowledge and its advances. ( 19 In the US, the number of scientific publications for each fellow in sports medicine increased almost 5.42 publication/year between 2016 and 2017. ( 20 Although most of the participants in our study are involved in a scientific research, the number of publications is still not very high. Considering that, providing incentives for fellows would help increase their interest in scientific research.
Our study impose some limitations, such as the sample size, which could have comprised every 2017 fellow in knee surgery, as well as the lack of an evaluation performed by preceptors on these fellows, which could corroborate or diverge from the found results.
CONCLUSION
Most fellows in knee surgery are concentrated in the Southeast region. Our results indicate that fellows are satisfied with the theoretical, practical, and scientific activities of their programs. This study may propose educational measures for the SBCJ to standardize knee fellowship training in Brazil.
Footnotes
The study was conducted at Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Sports Traumatology Center (CETE).
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