Table 3.

Shows phytochemical compounds and their role in cancer therapies.

Plant Name	Phytochemicals	Role in Cancer Therapy	Reference
Nigella sativa	Thymoquinone	Targets the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) pathway thereby leading to the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation.	[20]
Petroselinum crispum	Apigenin	Targets intrinsic apoptotic pathways. In lung cancer, apigenin exert its effects by modulating signals between Akt and Snail/Slung signaling pathways leading to metastatic restrain of cancer cells.	[21]
Zingiber officianale	6-Shogaol	Targets Akt and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways. In NSCLC, 6-Shogaol directly regulates Akt1/2 pathways, which will in turn lead to the growth inhibition or induce apoptotic cell death.	[22]
Thymus vulgaris	Thymol	Targets the mitochondria and its effects induce mitochondrial malfunction and apoptosis of cancer cells.	[23]
Scutellaria baicalensis	Baicalein	Targets mitogen-activated protein kinase (MARPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 signaling pathways. In colon cancer, Baicalin induces apoptosis and growth suppression.	[24,25]
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Glycyrrhizin	Targets thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways.	[26]
Oldenlandia diffusa	Ursolic acid	Targets and interferes with cancer protein Ki-67, CD31, and microRNA 29 (miR-29a).	[27]
Melilotus officinalis	Dicumarol	Targets pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) leading to the interference of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway	[28]
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Licochalcone A	Targets cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Their interaction with the cyclins and CDKs results in cell cycle arrest in the G0 or G1 and G2 or Mitotic phases.	[29]