Table 1.
Proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors and their biological effects on angiogenesis.
| Proangiogenic Factor | Antiangiogenic Factor | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Biological Effect | Factor | Biological Effect |
| VEGFs | Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells ↑, apoptosis of endothelial cells ↓, Plasminogen activator ↑, ECM degradation ↑, Lymphangiogenesis ↑, Vascular permeability ↑ | Adiponectin | Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells ↓, MMP-2, MMP-9, and VEGF expression ↓, apoptosis of endothelial cells ↑ |
| Angiostatin | Angiogenesis ↓, proliferation of adipocytes ↓ | ||
| FGF-2 | Differentiation, migration, and proliferation of endothelial cells ↑, adipocyte differentiation ↑, angiogenesis ↑, VEGF expression ↑, synthesis of proteinase ↑ | TSPs | Migration, proliferation, survival of endothelial cells ↓, apoptosis of endothelial cells ↑, VEGF and bFGF activity ↓ |
| PIGF | Angiogenesis ↑, adipose tissue growth ↑ | TIMPs | MMP activity ↓ |
| Leptin | Migration of endothelial cells ↑, VEGF expression ↑, induction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity ↑, synergistic effects with VEGF or FGF on stimulation of angiogenesis ↑ | MMPs | Angiostatin production ↑ |
| TGFβ | Proliferation and migration of endothelial cells ↓, tube formation ↓, plasminogen activator ↓, ECM accumulation ↑, apoptosis of endothelial cells ↑ | ||
| Adiponectin | Migration and tube formation of endothelial cells ↑, VEGF-A expression ↑, adipose tissue vascularity ↑, mouse Matrigel plug implantation ↑ | TNFα | Proliferation of endothelial cells ↓ |
| ADAM10 | Vascular sprouting and density ↓ | ||
| ADAMTS-1 and -8 | VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis ↓, FGF-2-induced vascularization ↓ | ||
| NPY | Angiogenesis and adipogenesis ↑ | ||
| Resistin | Proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells ↑ | VEGF-A165b | Angiogenesis and neovascularization ↓ |
| Insulin | VEGF expression ↑, antiangiogenic protein expression ↓ | ||
| IGF-1 | Angiogenesis ↑, MMP expression ↑ | ||
| TGFβ | Low dose: VEGF- and bFGF-induced tube formation of endothelial cells ↑, | ||
| TNFα | Low dose: vessel formation ↑, chemotaxis of endothelial cells ↑ | ||
| HGF | Vessel growth and remodeling ↑ | ||
| ANG-2 | Adipose tissue vascularization ↑ | ||
| Monobutyrin | Angiogenesis ↑, microvascular endothelial cell mobility ↑ | ||
| MMPs | ECM degradation ↑, adipogenesis, angiogenesis, and expansion of adipose tissue ↑, microvessel maturation ↑ | ||
| t-PA | VEGF expression ↑, angiogenesis ↑ | ||
| ADAM15 and ADAM17 | Tube formation of endothelial cells ↑, TSP-1 expression ↓ | ||
| PDGF-B | Pericyte recruitment ↑, vascular stabilization ↑, blood vessel maturation ↑ | ||
| NG2 | Endothelial movement ↑, survival and migration of endothelial cells ↑ | ||
ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase; ADAMTS, ADAM with TSP motif; ANG, angiopoietin; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IL, interleukin; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NG2, neuron glial antigen 2; NPY, neuropeptide Y; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor B; PlGF, placental growth factor; TGFβ, transforming growth factor β; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of MMP; TSP, thrombospondin; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; t-PA, tissue-type plasminogen activator; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.