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International Journal of Molecular Sciences logoLink to International Journal of Molecular Sciences
. 2020 Oct 8;21(19):7427. doi: 10.3390/ijms21197427

Circulating miR-99a-5p Expression in Plasma: A Potential Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Iris Garrido-Cano 1,2, Vera Constâncio 2, Anna Adam-Artigues 1, Ana Lameirinhas 1, Soraya Simón 1,3, Belen Ortega 1,3, María Teresa Martínez 1,3, Cristina Hernando 1,3, Begoña Bermejo 1,3, Ana Lluch 3,4,5, Paula Lopes 2,6, Rui Henrique 2,6,7, Carmen Jerónimo 2,7,*, Juan Miguel Cejalvo 1,3,*, Pilar Eroles 1,4,8,9,*
PMCID: PMC7582935  PMID: 33050096

Abstract

MicroRNAs have emerged as new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for breast cancer. Herein, we analysed miR-99a-5p expression levels in primary tumours and plasma of breast cancer patients to evaluate its usefulness as a minimally invasive diagnostic biomarker. MiR-99a-5p expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR in three independent cohorts of patients: (I) Discovery cohort: breast cancer tissues (n = 103) and healthy breast tissues (n = 26); (II) Testing cohort: plasma samples from 105 patients and 98 healthy donors; (III) Validation cohort: plasma samples from 89 patients and 85 healthy donors. Our results demonstrated that miR-99a-5p was significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared to healthy breast tissues. Conversely, miR-99a-5p levels were significantly higher in breast cancer patients than in healthy controls in plasma samples from both testing and validation cohorts, and ROC curve analysis revealed that miR-99a-5p has good diagnostic potential even to detect early breast cancer. In conclusion, miR-99a-5p’s deregulated expression distinguished healthy patients from breast cancer patients in two different types of samples (tissues and plasma). Interestingly, expression levels in plasma were significantly lower in healthy controls than in early-stage breast cancer patients. Our findings suggest circulating miR-99a-5p as a novel promising non-invasive biomarker for breast cancer detection.

Keywords: breast cancer, biomarker, plasma, diagnosis

1. Introduction

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant diseases in the world. In 2018, more than 2 million new cases were diagnosed, also being the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in over 100 countries [1]. Indeed, although a 100% 5-year survival rate is observed for BC patients diagnosed at stage I, it dramatically decreases to 26% for those diagnosed at stage IV [2,3,4]. Hence, new BC effective early-diagnosis methods are urgently needed to reduce its mortality rate. Currently, mammography is still considered the gold-standard method for the detection of BC. However, the sensitivity and specificity of mammography can be low in young women and women with dense breast tissue [5]. Additionally, because BC tumours are very heterogeneous, a tissue biopsy is mandatory to obtain the molecular classification of each tumour, that is based on the expression of several biomarkers, such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) overexpression, or Ki-67, which determine the treatment choice [4,6,7].

Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for BC [3,8,9]. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of 19–25 nucleotides in length, which are key regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression through the silencing of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by different mechanisms [10]. MiRNAs are involved in a wide variety of biological processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, or cell cycle [9,11,12,13]. Therefore, the dysregulation of miRNA expression has been shown to have important effects on several diseases, such as autoimmune disorders, bone diseases, or cancer. Recently, due to their ability to regulate tumour initiation, progression, and metastasis, miRNAs have become promising BC biomarkers [3,8].

Indeed, several miRNAs were shown to be differentially expressed in breast tumours and healthy counterparts, and their expression levels have been related to immunohistochemical profiles, prognosis, response to treatment, or clinical outcomes [8,14].

MiRNAs are detectable in biological fluids that can be collected with minimal invasive techniques. Thus, the diagnostic and prognostic value of circulating miRNAs might be of great interest [9]. Several studies have been assessing the potential use of circulating miRNAs in plasma as biomarkers for different types of cancers and, nowadays, they are considered promising markers for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response [7,15,16,17,18]. In BC, it has been proven that circulating miRNAs differ between cancer patients and healthy volunteers [9,19,20]. Therefore, miRNAs could be used as effective minimally invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of BC patients.

Mir-99a-5p, which functions as a tumour suppressor gene by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion, has been found dysregulated in several tumours [21,22]. Specifically in BC tissues, miR-99a-5p has been consistently reported to be downregulated [23,24,25,26]. Hence, herein we sought to investigate the applicability of miR-99a-5p expression levels as a minimally invasive BC diagnostic biomarker.

2. Results

2.1. Study Design to Develop a Novel miRNA Biomarker

Herein, we tested miR-99a-5p, as a candidate biomarker to diagnose BC. This study was divided into three parts: (1) Assessment of miR-99a-5p expression levels in BC and healthy breast tissue; (2) Evaluation of the miR-99a-5p expression levels in plasma of BC patients and healthy controls; (3) Validation of miR-99a-5p expression levels as a diagnostic biomarker for BC (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Study design to develop a novel miRNA biomarker.

2.2. MiR-99a-5p Expression in Tissue

Cohort #1: Discovery Cohort

MiR-99a-5p expression was determined in 103 BC tissues and 26 healthy breast tissues by qRT-PCR. Detailed clinical and pathological data are depicted in Table 1. Overall, the median age of controls was significantly lower than that of patients (p = 0.0228). Nonetheless, no correlation between miR-99a-5p levels and age was observed (data not shown). MiR-99a-5p expression levels were significantly lower in BC tissue (median, 95% CI: 32.72, 18.46–38.76) than in healthy breast tissues (median, 95% CI: 190, 85.20–317.80) (Figure 2A). MiR-99a-5p expression levels were able to discriminate BC from healthy breast tissues with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.8458 (95% CI: 0.7441–0.9474; p < 0.0001) (Figure 2B). Importantly, using the best cut-off value (78.17), 87.38% sensitivity, 76.92% specificity, and 85.27% accuracy were obtained. No significant associations were found between tissue miR-99a-5p levels and clinicopathological features (BC subtypes, histological grade, stage, pathological T stage, and regional lymph node metastasis) (Table 2).

Table 1.

Clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients and controls in discovery cohort: cohort #1.

Characteristics Tissue Samples
Breast Cancer Patients Controls
Number 103 26
Median age, years (range) 59.7 (57–62) 54.6 (47–63)
Molecular subtype, n (%)
Luminal 59 (57.3%) n.a.
TNBC 30 (29.1%)
Her 2 14 (13.6%)
Grade group, n (%)
1 9 (8.7%) n.a.
2 36 (35%)
3 46 (44.7%)
Unknown 12 (11.6%)
Stage, n (%)
I 12 (11.7%) n.a.
II 63 (61.2%)
III 13 (12.6%)
Unknown 15 (14.6%)
Pathological T stage, n (%)
pT1 24 (23.3%) n.a.
pT2 57 (55.3%)
pT3 6 (5.8%)
pT4 1 (1%)
Unknown 15 (14.6%)
Regional lymph node metastasis, n (%)
No 39 (37.9%) n.a.
Yes 50 (48.5%)
Unknown 14 (13.6)
Distant metastasis, n (%)
No 89 (86.4%) n.a.
Yes 0 (0%)
Unknown 14 (13.6%)
TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; n.a., not applicable
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Figure 2.

Figure 2

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(A) MiR-99a expression levels in breast cancer tissues from Cohort #1. Differential miR-99a expression levels in 103 breast cancer tissues were compared with 26 normal breast tissues. Red horizontal line: median with interquartile range. Mann–Whitney U, **** p < 0.0001. (B) Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for miR-99a expression levels in breast cancer tissue samples. (C) TCGA data for the expression of miR-99a-5p in normal solid tissue (n = 52) and breast primary tumour (n = 782). Expression is represented as reads per million miRNA mapped. Horizontal line: median with interquartile range. Mann–Whitney U, **** p < 0.0001.

Table 2.

Association between tissue miR-99a levels and clinicopathological features of breast cancer patients (cohort #1).

Number (%) Median (95% CI) p Value
Histological subtype, n (%)
Luminal 59 (57.3%) 27.00 (31.25–55.26) 0.9783
TNBC 30 (29.1%) 33.65 (25.62–44.83)
Her 2-enriched 14 (13.6%) 18.51 (8.64–93.79)
Unknown n.a.
Grade group, n (%)
1 9 (8.7%) 38.76 (9.45–110.10) 0.7869
2 36 (35.0%) 18.18 (25.27–56.10)
3 46 (44.7%) 32.33 (25.31–57.65)
Unknown 12 (11.6%)
Stage
Early (I and II) 75 (72.8%) 21.38 (29.78–54.31) 0.8250
Late (III and IV) 13 (12.6%) 35.87 (19.85–43.36)
Unknown 15 (14.6%)
Pathological T stage, n (%)
pT1 24 (23.3%) 23.40 (18.43–52.7) 0.687
pT2 57 (55.3%) 23.05 (28.32–48.89)
pT3 6 (5.8%) 24.57 (-61.25–213.1)
pT4 1 (1%) 54.97
Unknown 15 (14.6%)
Regional lymph node metastasis, n (%)
No 39 (37.9%) 18.51 (23.08–64.21) 0.6279
Yes 50 (48.5%) 33.90 (28.52–49.03)
Unknown 14 (13.6)
TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; n.a., not applicable
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Moreover, we also verified the expression of miR-99a-5p in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Data from 52 normal solid tissues and 782 breast primary tumours confirmed that miR-99a-5p expression was higher in normal tissues than in tumour tissues (p < 0.0001) (Figure 2C).

2.3. MiR-99a-5p Expression in Plasma

2.3.1. Cohort #2: Testing Cohort

Considering the promising results obtained in tissue samples, we proceeded to explore the diagnostic value of miR-99a-5p in liquid biopsies. Indeed, miR-99a-5p was evaluated in plasma samples from BC patients (n = 105) and healthy controls (n = 98) (cohort #2). Clinicopathological data are detailed in Table 3. No significant differences in median age between groups were observed. Herein, miR-99a-5p expression levels were significantly higher in plasma from BC patients (median, 95% CI: 21.02, 15.26 – 28.79) than in healthy volunteers (median, 95% CI: 7.09, 5.03 – 9.65) (p < 0.0001) (Figure 3A).

Table 3.

Clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer patients and controls of testing and validation cohorts: cohort #2 and cohort #3.

Plasma Samples
Cohort #2 Cohort #3
Breast Cancer Patients Controls Breast Cancer Patients Controls
Number 105 98 89 85
Median age, years (range) 52 (29–82) 50 (40–64) 54.1(32–92) 55 (32–90)
Histological subtype, n (%)
Luminal 92 (87.6%) n.a. 54 (60.7%) n.a.
TNBC 7 (6.7%) 15 (16.9%)
Her 2-enriched 5 (4.8%) 18 (20.2%)
Unknown 1 (1%) 2 (2.2%)
Grade group, n (%)
1 8 (7.6%) n.a. 19 (21.3%) n.a.
2 54 (51.4%) 44 (49.4%)
3 39 (37.1%) 25 (28.1%)
Unknown 4 (3.8%) 1 (1.1%)
Stage, n (%)
I 42 (40%) n.a. 24 (27.0%) n.a.
II 18 (17.1%) 41 (46.1%)
III 32 (30.5%) 15 (16.3%)
IV 13 (12.4%) 5 (5.4%)
Unknown 4 (4.3%)
Pathological T stage, n (%)
pT1 46 (43.8%) n.a. 36 (40.4%) n.a.
pT2 29 (27.6%) 37 (41.6%)
pT3 18 (17.1%) 9 (10.1%)
pT4 10 (9.5%) 1 (1.1%)
Unknown 2 (1.9%) 6 (6.7%)
Regional lymph node metastasis, n (%)
No 53 (50.5%) n.a. 47 (52.8%) n.a.
Yes 50 (47.6%) 36 (40.4%)
Unknown 2 (1.9%) 6 (6.7%)
Distant metastasis, n (%)
No 92 (87.6%) n.a. 80 (89.9%) n.a.
Yes 13 (12.4%) 7 (7.9%)
Unknown 2 (2.2%)
TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; n.a., not applicable
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Figure 3.

Figure 3

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(A) Circulating miR-99a levels in cohort #2. Differential miR-99a levels in 105 plasma of breast cancer patients were compared with those of 98 healthy controls. Expression levels were significantly lower in healthy controls than in breast cancer patients. Red horizontal line: median with interquartile range. Mann–Whitney U, **** p < 0.0001. (B) Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for circulating miR-99a levels in cohort #2.

To assess the potential value of the miR-99a-5p expression in plasma for the diagnosis of BC, we computed the ROC curve for differentiating between BC patients and asymptomatic controls (Figure 3B). The obtained AUC was 0.7555 (95% CI: 0.69–0.82; p < 0.0001). At the optimal cut-off value of 15.04, 63.81% sensitivity, 79.59% specificity, and 71.43% accuracy were obtained.

2.3.2. Cohort #3: Validation Cohort

The value of circulating miR-99a-5p levels as a BC biomarker was further assessed in an independent cohort (cohort #3: validation cohort) comprising plasmas of 89 BC patients and 85 asymptomatic controls (Table 3). No significant differences were observed between the median age of both groups. MiR-99a-5p levels were significantly overexpressed in the plasma of BC patients (median, 95% CI: 33.09, 12.95–54.40) than in controls (median, 95% CI: 9.11, 4.73–11.86) (p < 0.0001) (Figure 4A), in agreement with the results obtained for the testing cohort (cohort #2). Furthermore, using the cut-off value obtained from cohort #2 (15.04), miR-99a-5p was able to identify BC with 57.30% sensitivity, 67.06% specificity, and 62.07% accuracy. Nonetheless, a 0.6732 AUC (95% CI: 0.59–0.75; p < 0.0001) was observed for this set of samples (Figure 4B).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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(A) Circulating miR-99a levels in cohort #3. Differential miR-99a levels in plasma of 89 breast cancer patients were compared with those of 85 healthy controls. Expression levels were significantly lower in healthy controls than in breast cancer patients. Red horizontal line: median with interquartile range. Mann–Whitney U, **** p < 0.0001. (B) Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for circulating miR-99a levels in cohort #3.

2.4. miR-99a-5p as a Biomarker for Early BC Detection

We further hypothesized that circulating miR-99a-5p might be used as a biomarker for non-invasive early BC detection. Patients from cohort #2 and cohort #3 were put together (194 plasma samples), as there were no statistical differences in miR-99a-5p expression between cohorts (p = 0.22, data not shown). No significant associations were found between circulating miR-99a-5p levels and clinicopathological features (BC subtypes, histological grade, stage, pathological T stage, regional lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis) (Table 4). Interestingly, circulating miR-99a-5p levels were up-regulated in early BC patients (stage I and II) compared with asymptomatic controls (p < 0.0001) (Figure 5A). Moreover, using the optimal cut-off value of 12.75, circulating miR-99a-5p levels were able to discriminate early BC from healthy controls with a 66.67% accuracy, 68.80% sensitivity, 65.28% specificity, and an AUC of 0.6913 (95% CI: 0.63 – 0.75; p < 0.0001; Figure 5B).

Table 4.

Association between circulating miR-99a levels and clinicopathological features of breast cancer patients (cohorts #2 and #3).

Number (%) Median (95% CI) p Value
Histological subtype, n (%)
Luminal 146 (75.3%) 24.42 (16.00–36.14) 0.0590
TNBC 22 (11.3%) 9.50 (3.46–33.22)
Her 2-enriched 23 (11.9%) 29.93 (13.53–89.41)
Unknown 3 (1.5%)
Grade group, n (%)
1 27 (13.9%) 14.86 (5.61–36.9) 0.4594
2 98 (50.5%) 28.29 (18.05–44.09)
3 64 (33.0%) 18.06 (12.88–36.14)
Unknown 5 (2.6%)
Stage
Early (I and II) 125 (64.4%) 24.26 (15.98–36.90) 0.2382
Late (III and IV) 65 (33.5%) 21.02 (12.08–35.81)
Unknown 4 (2.1%)
Pathological T stage, n (%)
pT1 82 (42.3%) 24.23 (15.98–38.61) 0.4119
pT2 66 (34.0%) 27.26 (12.91–44.91)
pT3 27 (13.9%) 10.99 (3.54–49.49)
pT4 11 (5.6%) 35.81 (5.34–48.45)
Unknown 8 (4.1%)
Regional lymph node metastasis, n (%)
No 100 (51.5%) 24.23 (15.98–38.61) 0.3232
Yes 86 (44.3%) 19.54 (12.91–35.84)
Unknown 8 (4.1%)
Distant metastasis, n (%)
No 172 (88.7%) 20.03 (15.18–29.70) 0.1810
Yes 20 (10.3%) 35.82 (16.2–91.99)
Unknown 2 (1.0%)
TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer; n.a., not applicable
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Figure 5.

Figure 5

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(A) Expression of miR-99a in early-stage breast cancer plasma. Distribution of circulating miR-99a levels in 125 plasma of early-stage breast cancer patients (stage I and II) and 193 healthy controls. Expression levels were significantly lower in healthy controls than in early-stage breast cancer patients. Horizontal line: median with interquartile range. Mann–Whitney U, **** p < 0.0001. (B) Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for circulating miR-99a levels in early-stage breast cancer patients.

Overall, these results provide evidence that circulating miR-99a-5p levels may be used to detect early BC patients.

3. Discussion

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumour in the female population [1]. The importance of early detection of BC through the use of mammography and other techniques is fundamental as they change the prognosis of the disease. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers providing more accurate diagnostic information for BC patients is urgently needed.

In order to find new strategies for early diagnosis, several studies have been focused on miRNAs. These are a group of small non-coding RNAs that are involved in regulating a range of developmental and physiological processes, and their dysregulation has been associated with cancer. Specifically, circulating miRNAs have been proposed as being useful biomarkers for different cancer types’ detection. Indeed, miRNAs present advantages that make them interesting to be used as diagnostic tools. These include being stable molecules that can be easily detected in body fluids, such as plasma and the fact that their expression has been correlated with clinicopathological features, being promising as prognostic and predictive biomarkers [9].

Several authors assessed miR-99a expression in BC tissues and demonstrated its downregulation when compared to healthy tissues [23,24,25,26]. In this respect, miR-99a has been confirmed to be a tumour suppressor and its overexpression was associated with proliferation, invasion, and migration inhibition in BC cells in vitro and in vivo [23,27]. Moreover, that effect has been suggested to be mediated by several confirmed targets, such as mTOR [23,28], HOXA1 [24], IGF-1R [27], CDC25A [25], or FGFR3 [29]. Additionally, it is important to underline that miR-99a is significantly downregulated in several tumours, including glioma [30], oral squamous cell carcinoma [31], head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [22], endometrioid endometrial carcinoma [32], bladder cancer [21], non-small cell lung cancer [33], anaplastic thyroid cancer [34] or hepatocellular carcinoma [35]. All these findings suggest that miR-99a might be a potential cancer biomarker. In this study, we aimed to explore the value of circulating miR-99a-5p levels as a BC diagnostic biomarker.

Firstly, we evaluated miR-99a-5p expression in tissue samples from 26 healthy patients and 103 BC patients. The downregulation of miR-99a-5p in BC tissue was confirmed, in agreement with previous studies [23,24,25,26]. Besides, our result was also validated in the TCGA cohort.

Using plasma samples for diagnosis and follow-up of patients presents some advantages, as its extraction is less invasive than tissue biopsies. Many previous studies demonstrated the applicability of miRNAs in plasma as novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis [3,6,7]. Herein, we assessed circulating miR-99a-5p levels in two independent cohorts of BC patients and healthy volunteers from two different hospitals (testing and validation, respectively, cohorts # 2 and #3).

Surprisingly, contrary to the discovery cohort (cohort #1), in the testing cohort (cohort #2) from IPO-Porto, circulating miR-99a-5p expression levels were significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls. Then, our results were blindly validated in the validation cohort (cohort #3) from INCLIVA. Significant differences between groups were confirmed, suggesting that circulating miR-99a-5p concentrations may be a useful biomarker for the detection of BC.

Importantly, to validate the application of circulating miR-99a-5p levels as a diagnostic biomarker, optimal cut-off from cohort #2 was applied in cohort #3, and the value of circulating miR-99a-5p levels in discriminating BC patients from controls was confirmed. Moreover, we tested the capacity of miR-99a-5p to detect early BC (stages I and II), and our results suggest that circulating miR-99a-5p concentrations might accurately detect BC patients in early stages of the disease.

Although it was somewhat unexpected to find opposite trends in tissue and plasma samples, similar results have been already reported for this miRNA and others in different tumour models [36]. Specifically regarding miR-99a, Torres et al. found similar results in endometrial endometrioid cancer, miR-99a expression being downregulated in the tissue of patients compared with tissue controls, whereas it was overexpressed in patients’ plasma when compared to healthy samples [32,36]. Moreover, in the context of BC, several other microRNAs were demonstrated by other researchers to have opposite expression patterns in tissue and peripheral blood [19,20,37,38].

The processes by which miRNAs enter the bloodstream remain poorly understood. Nevertheless several reasons might underlie the differential circulating expression profiles found: (I) miRNAs might be released by cancerous cells in an active manner [39]; (II) miRNAs are passively released by apoptotic or necrotic cells [40]; (III) miRNAs may derive from tumour microenvironments [37]. Pigati et al. reported that released miRNAs may not, indeed, reflect the miRNA profile in the cell of origin, and demonstrated that the amount of released miRNA significantly differs between cell lines with similar death rates [39]. Hence, these results reinforce the concept of selective release, which may explain the expression profile’s differences also observed in the current study.

Intriguingly, several authors that determined miR-99a levels in serum samples from BC patients found opposite results compared to ours. First, Li et al. obtained serum from 72 BC patients and 40 healthy volunteers, and found that miR-99a-5p was downregulated in patients [41]. Then, Yu and co-workers determined miR-99a expression in serum samples of 113 BC patients and 47 healthy controls and found the same trend [42]. Nevertheless, several authors have already reported the lack of correlation between miRNAs expression in serum and plasma samples [43,44]. For instance, Li et al. found a negative correlation between plasma and serum of BC patients for some miRNAs [44]. The explanation for these findings might be that, before serum collection, blood is allowed to clot before obtaining the supernatant. Several authors consider that coagulation could cause cell lysis and blood cells would release miRNAs as a consequence, as well as loose of some vesicles that may be trapped in the coagulum [43,44]. Therefore, it is not possible to compare results from serum and plasma.

To our best knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the value of circulating miR-99a-5p in plasma as BC detection biomarker. Our results provide the evidence to consider plasma miR-99a-5p as a non-invasive biomarker for early BC, which might contribute to improving early detection and consequently reduce BC-related mortality.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Clinical Samples

This retrospective study included non-consecutive female patients over the age of 18 years. Samples were collected from two independent institutions: Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto, Portugal) and Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA (Spain).

A discovery cohort included a total of 103 BC tissue samples available at the Biobank of the Department of Pathology from IPO-Porto (cohort #1). Furthermore, 26 healthy breast tissue samples collected from reduction mammoplasties of the contralateral breast from BC patients were also included for our purposes. All these specimens were obtained from patients without BC hereditary syndrome and no evidence of preneoplastic/neoplastic lesions. After surgical resection, samples were immediately frozen at −80 °C. Five micrometer frozen sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for confirmation of BC by an experienced pathologist, ensuring that samples contained at least 70% of tumour cells, and confirming that tissues obtained from reduction mammoplasties harboured normal epithelial cells.

The testing cohort included a total of 105 patients with BC diagnosed at the IPO-Porto, for which plasma samples were available (cohort # 2). All samples were collected before any treatment. For control purposes, plasma samples were collected from 98 healthy donors from the same institution. After the collection of peripheral blood into EDTA-containing tubes, plasma was obtained by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C and was stored at -80 °C until further use.

The validation cohort (cohort #3), included 89 BC patients from INCLIVA with plasma samples collected before treatment, and control plasma samples collected from 85 healthy donors from the same institution and Valencian Biobanking Network. After the collection of peripheral blood into EDTA-containing tubes, plasma was obtained and stored as described for cohort #2.

This study was approved by the institutional ethical committees of IPO-Porto (CES-IPOFG-120/015) and INCLIVA (2019/196). Informed consent was obtained from all patients and donors included in the study. Sample collection was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

4.2. RNA Extraction from Tissue and Plasma

Total RNA from tissue using TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. RNA concentrations and purity ratios were determined using a NanoDrop Lite spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA). MiRNAs were extracted from plasma samples using miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), according to manufacturer’s instructions. RNA samples were stored at −80°C.

4.3. cDNA Synthesis

For cDNA synthesis, 500 ng of total RNA from tissue, or 9.16 µL of miRNA from plasma were used. TaqMan™ MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) was employed, according to the manufacturer’s protocol in a total volume of 15 µL. For the synthesis of cDNA, reaction mixtures were incubated in a thermal cycler at 16 °C for 30 min, at 42 °C for 30 min, and at 85 °C for 5 min.

4.4. miRNA Expression Analysis

Expression levels of miR-99a-5p (Assay ID 000435) and the reference gene RNU38B (Assay ID 001004) were analysed in triplicate via quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using the human TaqMan microRNA Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Then, 2 µL of cDNA solution were amplified with 5 µL of Xpert Fast Probe 2x MasterMix (GRiSP, Portugal), 0.5 μL of gene-specific primers/probe, and 2.5 µL of nuclease-free water in a final volume of 10 µL. qRT-PCR of cohort #1 and cohort #2 were run in a LightCycler 480 Instrument (Roche Diagnostics, Manheim, Germany), and cohort #3 was run in a QuantStudio 5 Real-Time PCR System (Thermo Fisher Scientific Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). Reaction mixtures were incubated at 98 °C for 3 min, followed by 45 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, 60 °C for 30 s, and 37 °C for 30 s. Five serial 10X dilutions of positive control were run in each plate to generate a standard curve, which was used to calculate the expression level of miRNAs.

4.5. TCGA Database Validation

The expression levels of miR-99a-5p were validated in the TCGA dataset. miRNA expression data were downloaded from OncoMir Cancer Database (OMCD) (https://www.oncomir.umn.edu/omcd/basic_search.php).

4.6. Statistical Analysis

To evaluate differences in the miRNA expression levels and associations between miRNA expression and clinical variables, Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed by plotting the true positive (sensitivity) against the false-positive (1-specificity) rate, and AUC was calculated. Optimal cut-off values were established based on the highest value obtained in ROC curve analysis according to Youden’s J index [45,46]. Then, specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were determined. In cohort #3 (validation cohort), specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy were determined by applying cut-off obtained in cohort #2 (testing cohort). Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6.01 software for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA). Results were considered statistically significant when the p-value was <0.05.

5. Conclusions

Overall, our results show that circulating miR-99a-5p levels in plasma, might be clinically useful as a non-invasive BC cancer detection biomarker, namely in the early stages of the disease. Importantly, similar results were obtained in two independent cohorts of BC patients from two different hospitals. Nonetheless, validation in larger multi-institutional cohorts are necessary to confirm these results.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the INCLIVA Biobank (PT17/0015/0049; B.000768 ISCIII) and the Valencian Biobanking Network integrated into the Spanish National Biobanks Network for its collaboration. We are also especially grateful to the nursing staff both from IPO-Porto and INCLIVA, as well as all patients and healthy volunteers that participated in this study.

Author Contributions

I.G.-C.: Conceptualization, methodology, data analysis, writing—original draft preparation. V.C., A.A.-A., A.L. (Ana Lameirinhas), S.S.: Methodology, data analysis. B.O., M.T.M., C.H., B.B.: patient´s data collection and analysis, writing—reviewing. A.L. (Ana Lluch): Conceptualization, funding acquisition. P.L., R.H.: data acquisition and analysis. C.J.: Supervision, conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing, funding acquisition. J.M.C.: Conceptualization, methodology, reviewing and editing. P.E.: Supervision, conceptualization, writing—reviewing and editing, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Spanish Government PI18/01219 (ISCIII), CIBERONC (CB16/12/00481), and Grant PI 74-CBEG-CI-IPOP-19-2015 from Research Center—Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto. I.G.-C. was funded by Generalitat Valenciana (ACIF/2016/030. V.C. was funded by Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro/Fundação P.T. A.A. and A.L. were funded by Asociación Española Contra el Cancer. J.M.C. was funded by Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica (Río Hortega-SEOM).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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