Abstract
Objective
CD99, a leukocyte surface molecule, reportedly plays an important role in several cellular processes. However, the role of CD99 in T cell regulation remains unclear, as the CD99 ligand associated with T-cell regulation has not yet been identified. Our previous study showed that recombinant CD99 bound to CD99 ligands was expressed on monocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells. This interaction regulates the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in CD3 + T cells following T cell activation. In the present study, we confirmed the presence of CD99 ligands in immune cells.
Results
A recombinant CD99-human IgG fusion protein, CD99HIgG, was produced and used to search for CD99 ligand expression in various hematopoietic cell lines. Among several cell lines, THP-1 monocytic cell line showed strong positive reaction for CD99HIgG, and CD99 and CD99 ligand complexes were pulled-down using a DTSSP cross-linker. The study demonstrated the presence of the membrane bound CD99 ligand, and CD99 ligand candidates were identified via LC–MS/MS. These results may be useful to further identify the CD99 ligands, and to fully comprehend the role of CD99 in immunoregulation.
Keywords: CD99 ligand, CD99, Recombinant CD99, LC–MS/MS, Leukocyte
Introduction
CD99 is a heavily O-linked type I transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells [1–3]. Up-regulation of CD99 expression has been demonstrated in activated and memory T cells [4, 5]. CD99 reportedly plays a key role in several cellular processes including cell adhesion, migration, differentiation and cell death [6, 7]. Furthermore, it has been proposed that CD99 may function as either an activating or inhibitory receptor in T cell regulation. Upon T cell activation, anti-CD99 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induced T cell signalling and functions was demonstrated [8–10]. In contrast, the inhibition of T cell responses using a distinct clone of anti-CD99 mAb has also been reported [11, 12]. In most studies of the role of CD99 in T cell regulation, mAbs were used to mimic its ligands, and different mAbs resulted in diverse functional CD99 outcomes [2, 13]. Hence, the role of CD99 in immunoregulation remains controversial. This could be attributed to the fact that the CD99 ligand has not yet been identified.
Recently, we demonstrated that putative CD99 ligands were expressed on the surfaces of monocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells, but not on those of B and T cells [14]. Recombinant CD99 protein enhanced the upregulation of IL-6 and TNF-α expression by T cells, monocytes and NK cells [14]. The presence of undefined CD99 ligands on leukocyte surfaces as well as regulation of the immune response via interaction between CD99 and its ligands has been suggested [14]. Thus, identification of CD99 ligands has become necessary in order to broaden the understanding of CD99 functions involved in immunoregulation. The current study used recombinant CD99 and the pull-down method with DTSSP cross-linkers, as well as LC–MS/MS analysis, to identify CD99 ligands.
Main text
Methods
Large scale production of recombinant CD99HIgG Fc fusion proteins
HEK293T cells stably expressing CD99HIgG were generated in our laboratory [14]. Large scale production of recombinant CD99HIgG was performed as described in [14]. To determine the purity, purified CD99HIgG was resolved in 10% SDS-PAGE. Purity of CD99HIgG was detected by staining SDS-PAGE gels with Coomassie blue. The structure of CD99HIgG was determined by western blotting using anti-CD99 mAb followed by rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins antibodies-HRP or anti-human immunoglobulins antibodies-HRP.
Immunofluorescence staining of CD99 ligands using DTSSP
To validate the binding activity of purified CD99HIgG, PBMCs were stained with 20 μg/mL of biotinylated CD99HIgG or CD147ExHIgG control as described in [14]. The anti-CD3 mAb-FITC (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) and anti-CD14 mAb-PerCP (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA) were used for determining cell subpopulations and analysed using a BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).
To study the cellular distribution of CD99 ligands, Fc receptors of various human hematopoietic cell lines were blocked using 20% FBS-PBS-0.02% NaN3. Cells were stained with 10 μg/mL of CD99HIgG or CD147ExHIgG control on ice for 1 h. Next, 2 mM DTSSP (3,3′-dithiobis (sulfosuccinimidyl propionate); Pierce) was added, followed by further incubation for 2 h. Then, DTSSP was neutralized by adding 20% FBS and the un-crosslinked proteins were washed out. The bound proteins was determined using rabbit anti-human immunoglobulins antibodies-FITC and analysed via a FACSort flow cytometer (BD Biosciences).
Isolation of membrane bound CD99 ligands by pull-down method
THP-1 cells (1 × 108) were stained with 10 μg of CD99HIgG or CD147ExHIgG control in 500 μl of PBS and incubated at 4˚C for 3 h. Next, an equal volume of 4 mM DTSSP was added, and further incubated for 2 h. Subsequently, 50 mM glycine in PBS was added at a final concentration of 20 mM. Cells were washed, then lysed using 1 mL of 1% lauryl maltoside containing protease inhibitors. Recombinant proteins-ligand complexes were isolated from cell lysate using protein G agarose beads (Pierce), eluted via 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and further investigated using western blotting. Molecular weight shifts of the complex were detected using anti-CD99 mAb or anti-CD147 mAb followed by rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins antibodies-HRP. This complex was subjected to LC–MS/MS.
Identification of CD99 ligands by LC–MS/MS
For sample preparation and LC–MS/MS analysis, the complex of CD99HIgG and its ligands as well as control proteins were suspended in 0.5% SDS. The samples were heated at 95 ˚C for 5 min and resolved via a 4% SDS-PAGE stacking gel at 20 mA for 25 min. Protein bands were developed using Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250 dye. After de-staining, the developed bands were excised for in-gel digestion [see Additional file 1]. In addition, complexes of CD99HIgG and its ligands were visualized via western blotting on PVDF membranes, using anti-CD99 mAb followed by rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins antibodies-HRP. Protein bands were excised and subjected to on-membrane digestion [see Additional file 1].
Results
Recombinant CD99HIgG fusion proteins were produced
To identify CD99 ligands expressed on cell surfaces, the CD99HIgG fusion protein was produced in HEK293T cells and purified according to a previously described method [14]. Based on the method described [14], the purity of CD99HIgG was determined using SDS-PAGE, and its structure was confirmed via western blotting [see Additional file 2]. The results indicated that CD99HIgG was successfully produced. We then verified whether the CD99HIgG would bind to its ligand expressed on the cell surface. As predicted, the generated CD99HIgG bound to monocytes and CD3- lymphocyte sub-populations, but not to CD3 + T lymphocytes [see Additional file 3].
Considered together, the produced CD99HIgG was suitable for use in the identification of CD99 ligands expressed on cell surface.
The putative CD99 ligands were expressed on human hematopoietic cell lines
Various human hematopoietic cell lines were stained using CD99HIgG. Of the tested cell lines, the THP-1 monocytic cell line and K562 erythroid cell line were positive for CD99HIgG staining [see Additional file 4], whereas, the recombinant CD99 protein bound weakly to the U937 monocytic cell line, the HL-60 myeloid cell line, and the SUP-T1 T cell line. No CD99 binding was observed in the KG1a myeloid cell line or other T cell lines. Based on these screening results, THP-1 cells were selected for further studies aimed at identifying the CD99 ligand.
CD99 ligands were pulled down and identified via LC–MS/MS
THP-1 cells, on which the CD99 ligand was strongly expressed, were used to pull-down CD99 ligands, utilizing CD99HIgG, as the bait protein, and a DTSSP cross-linker. The pulled-down materials were verified via western blotting. The shift in molecular weight (compared to purified CD99HIgG in lane 1) that was seen in the pre-pull-down lysate (lane 3) was not seen in the flow though lysate (lane 4); (Fig. 1a). The presence of pull-down complexes was confirmed by analysing pulled-down proteins in lane 2 (Fig. 1a). A complex between CD147ExHIgG control and any of the surface proteins was hardly observed (Fig. 1b). These results indicated that CD99 ligand-CD99HIgG complexes could be pulled-down from the surfaces of THP-1 cells.
Fig. 1.
Identification of CD99 ligands by pull-down method with DTSSP cross-linker. THP-1 cells were stained with CD99HIgG or CD147ExHIgG fusion proteins and crosslinked with DTSSP. Following cell lysis, the complexes of CD99HIgG with their ligands were pulled-down using protein G beads. a CD99HIgG or b CD147ExHIgG was used as bait protein for pull-down experiments. Western blotting under non-reducing conditions was performed using anti-CD99 mAb (MT99/3) or anti-CD147 mAb (MEM-M6/3), followed by HRP conjugated rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulins antibodies. Lane 1; CD99HIgG or CD147ExHIgG recombinant proteins used in the pull-down method. Lane 2; pull-down material obtained via Protein A beads. Lane 3; pre-pull-down represents the material before the pull-down process. Lane 4; flow through represents the material obtained following the pull-down process. The molecular weights (kDa) of protein markers are displayed on the left
In order to identify possible CD99 ligands, LC–MS/MS were performed. The CD99 ligand-CD99HIgG complexes obtained by way of the pull-down method were prepared for LC–MS/MS analysis via both in-gel and on-membrane digestion.
For in-gel digestion, pulled-down samples were resolved via SDS-PAGE. Protein bands were excised and processed by tryptic in-gel digestion. Purified CD99HIgG and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used as controls in LC–MS/MS analysis. The peptide finger prints obtained via LC–MS/MS were searched for batch protein sequences in the NCBI database. Protein identification of BSA control showed that most proteins were bovine serum albumin [see Additional file 5]. Immunoglobulins, which formed part of the purified CD99HIgG control, were also identified [see Additional file 6]. The HIgG Fc region of CD99HIgG, the Fc receptor, and other candidate proteins in CD99 ligand-CD99HIgG complexes were identified (Table 1). Interestingly, several unnamed protein products and some surface receptors identified via high MASCOT protein scores were supposed CD99 ligands. In addition, the heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein, HSPA8/HSC70, was highly ranked. HSC70, an intracellular protein that may be associated with CD99 ligands, was pulled down with the CD99 recombinant protein.
Table 1.
List of proteins obtained from in-gel digestion of CD99 ligands-CD99HIgG complexes followed by LC–MS/MS analysis and identified by MASCOT
| Accession no | Mass | Protein score | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| gi|28336 | 42128 | 248 | Mutant beta-actin (beta ~ -actin) [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|119612723 | 22791 | 203 | Actin, alpha, cardiac muscle, isoform CRA_b [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|7331218 | 66149 | 210 | Keratin 1 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|386854 | 52928 | 140 | Type II keratin subunit protein, partial [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|114644568 | 60266 | 36 | PREDICTED: keratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A [Pan troglodytes] |
| gi|553734 | 2269 | 104 | Putative, T cell receptor alpha [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|24234686 | 53598 | 101 | Heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein isoform 2 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|194390750 | 23238 | 99 | Unnamed protein product [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|48257068 | 64804 | 74 | HSPA8 protein, partial [Homo sapiens]; Alternative name: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein |
| gi|51095055 | 25582 | 72 | Ser (D206s) [Homo sapiens]; Alternative name: heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein |
| gi|194384180 | 55158 | 71 | Unnamed protein product, heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|158257566 | 45481 | 25 | Unnamed protein product, heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|12653415 | 73967 | 88 | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 9 (mortalin) [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|119582532 | 50291 | 78 | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B (mortalin-2), isoform CRA_a [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|221041984 | 70193 | 74 | Unnamed protein product [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|86651611 | 19208 | 27 | Heat shock 70 kDa protein 9B [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|31,332 | 42978 | 57 | Unnamed protein product, IgG Fc receptor [Homo sapiens] [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|180162 | 43253 | 42 | Fc gamma receptor type I [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|28317 | 59720 | 54 |
Unnamed protein product, keratin [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|10337581 | 47325 | 47 | Keratin, type I cuticular Ha3-II [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|4758344 | 9775 | 54 | High affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor subunit gamma precursor [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|41059927 | 51928 | 48 | Anti-HBs antibody heavy chain [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|401817557 | 24160 | 43 | Chain A, Human IgG1 Fc Fragment [Homo sapiens |
| gi|10334541 | 42301 | 30 | Immunoglobulin heavy chain [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|1890020 | 25913 | 48 | Mutant keratin 9 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|62896589 | 50435 | 43 | Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 variant [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|62088522 | 21755 | 35 | Ribosomal protein L12 variant [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|10800144 | 13928 | 34 | Histone cluster 1, H2aj [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|4506691 | 16549 | 34 | 40S ribosomal protein S16 isoform 1 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|519672190 | 13093 | 32 | Immunoglobulin A heavy chain variable region, partial [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|37492 | 50810 | 31 | Alpha-tubulin [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|5453595 | 5926 | 31 | Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|119595845 | 193540 | 29 | hCG1642754, isoform CRA_b [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|119627826 | 66420 | 28 | Splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich (polypyrimidine tract binding protein associated), isoform CRA_a [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|1381146 | 66846 | 27 | Hs-CUL-3, partial [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|693933 | 47421 | 21 | 2-phosphopyruvate-hydratase alpha-enolase [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|338215 | 54169 | 17 | Activin type I receptor [Homo sapiens] |
For the purpose of on-membrane digestion following electroblotting, protein bands corresponding to CD99 ligand-CD99HIgG complexes on the PVDF membrane were subjected to an on-membrane digestion protocol prior to LC–MS/MS analysis (Fig. 1a); the results are shown in Table 2. Although the number of proteins identified by this technique was less than that identified by the in-gel digestion technique, some unnamed protein products and surface receptors were observed.
Table 2.
List of proteins obtained from on-membrane digestion of CD99 ligands-CD99HIgG complexes followed by LC–MS/MS analysis and identified by MASCOT
| Accession no | Mass | Protein score | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| gi|189054178 | 66151 | 47 | Unnamed protein product [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|375314779 | 66197 | 33 | Keratin 1 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|119617032 | 60159 | 30 | Keratin 6B, isoform CRA_a [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|33338088 | 7250 | 27 | MSTP132 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|1326083 | 59537 | 22 | Butyrophilin precursor [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|16075980 | 8251 | 20 | Immunoglobulin lambda chain variable region [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|119619622 | 42404 | 20 | Reticulocalbin 2, EF-hand calcium binding domain [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|17939630 | 48259 | 18 | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, beta, partial [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|987870 | 68485 | 18 | RNase L inhibitor [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|339303 | 12211 | 18 | T-cell receptor alpha, partial [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|34526665 | 16528 | 16 | Unnamed protein product [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|28317373 | 24683 | 16 | TPA: IL-1F7b (IL-1H4, IL-1H, IL-1RP1) [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|10438579 | 76494 | 16 | Unnamed protein product [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|402230 | 5045 | 16 | T-cell receptor beta chain [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|155722985 | 129980 | 15 | Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 5 [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|5834152 | 13979 | 15 | Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|21740017 | 90368 | 15 | Hypothetical protein [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|4504779 | 88655 | 15 | Integrin beta-8 precursor [Homo sapiens] |
| gi|5453932 | 13342 | 14 | DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB11-a [Homo sapiens] |
Possible CD99 ligands of interest, as indicated by the results of both in-gel and on membrane digestions, are listed to facilitate identification of CD99 ligands.
Discussion
CD99 plays the vital role in immunoregulation, with particular reference to T cell regulation. However, the precise function of CD99 in T cell regulation remains unclear. As a result, CD99 ligand remains undefined. Therefore, identification of the CD99 ligand is necessary. Interestingly, as our previously reported, the putative CD99 ligand is a membrane protein. It was found that CD99HIgG with a DTSSP cross-linker bound specifically to the surfaces of monocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells, but not to those of B and T cells [14]. In the current study, we produced a new batch of CD99HIgG from a stable clone of HEK293T cells. Its structure was similar to that described in our former publication [14]. CD99HIgG is composed of the extracellular region of CD99 linked to the hinge region and Fc region of HIgG1. It is secreted as a dimeric form with a molecular weight of 100 kDa. In regard to its binding activity, it binds to monocytes and CD3- lymphocyte subpopulations, but not to CD3+ T cells. Hence, the produced CD99HIgG were used to search for CD99 ligand expression on various hematopoietic cell lines by an immunofluorescence technique that uses DTSSP as cross-linker [15, 16]. The results demonstrated that the THP-1 monocytic cell line and the K562 erythroid cell line were markedly positive for CD99HIgG staining. The results obtained from both PBMC and hematopoietic cell lines indicated that CD99 ligands were strongly expressed on peripheral monocytes, which are related to the THP-1. CD99 ligands were not observed on the surface of CD3+ T cells as well as on all tested T cell lines, with the exception of SUP-T1 which showed a weak expression. We suggest that CD99 ligands expressed on antigen presenting cells are capable of binding with CD99 molecules that are highly expressed on T cells.
The pull-down method, which involves recombinant CD99 protein and a DTSSP cross-linker, was utilized to identify the amino acid sequences of CD99 ligands. THP-1 cells were used to represent CD99 ligand expressing cells. CD99HIgG was used as a bait protein and DTSSP was added to crosslink recombinant CD99 and its ligands on THP-1 cell surface. According to the properties of DTSSP, molecular weight shifts due to crosslinking between CD99 and CD99 ligands was observed in the pull-downs by western blotting under non-reducing conditions. The results indicated that recombinant CD99 was able to pull-down CD99 ligands from the surface of THP-1 cells. This is the first experiment that concretely demonstrated the presence of membrane CD99 ligand proteins. The samples obtained by the pull-down method were prepared for identification of CD99 ligands via LC–MS/MS.
Two methods, in-gel digestion and on-membrane digestion, were utilized to prepare samples for LC–MS/MS analysis. Several unnamed proteins and some surface receptors were obtained. These proteins were potential CD99 ligands. The unnamed protein products, in particular, should be the focus of attention, as no CD99 ligand has been identified so far. We speculated that the CD99 ligand may be a novel, un-defined protein. The possibility of heterophilic interaction of CD99 is suggested.
To the best of our knowledge, our experiments, are the first to confirm the presence of putative CD99 ligands on the surfaces of leukocytes. Several proteins that had been predicted to be CD99 ligand candidates were also included in the results of this study.
Limitations
CD99 ligand candidates identified by LC–MS/MS have not yet been further confirmed. Additional investigations using different method i.e. Genome-scale receptor array (GSRA) technology are required to clarify CD99 ligands, in order to fully comprehend the role of CD99 in immunoregulation. Several specific antibodies to un-defined proteins are also required for confirming the CD99 ligand.
Supplementary information
Additional file 1. Methods for identification of CD99 ligands by LC-MS/MS.
Additional file 2: Figure S1. Validation of the purity and structure of purified CD99HIgG.
Additional file 3: Figure S2. Verification the binding activity of purified CD99HIgG.
Additional file 4: Figure S3. The expression of CD99 ligands on hematopoietic cells.
Additional file 5: Table S1. List of proteins obtained from in-gel digestion of the BSA protein control followed by LC–MS/MS analysis and identified by MASCOT.
Additional file 6: Table S2. List of proteins obtained from in-gel digestion of purified CD99HIgG protein control followed by LC–MS/MS analysis and identified by MASCOT.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Miss. Supaporn Bourjai for her technical assistance.
Abbreviations
- BSA
Bovine serum albumin
- CD
Cluster of differentiation
- mAbs
Monoclonal antibodies
Authors’ contributions
NT designed and performed experiments, data analysis and original drafting manuscript. SP provided conceptual framework for the project, guidance for methodology and interpretation of the data. WL guidance for methodology and data interpretation. SR guidance for methodology, investigation of the LC–MS/MS data and editing manuscript. WK, principal investigator, guidance for methodology and interpretation of the data, Writing-review, editing and finalizing manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Distinguished Research Professor Award Grant and partially supported from Chiang Mai University under the CMU Center of Excellence Project.
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its Additional files 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Human peripheral blood was obtained from healthy Thai adult volunteers after receiving written informed consent. The use of human peripheral blood was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand (AMSEC-60EX-022).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13104-020-05347-0.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Additional file 1. Methods for identification of CD99 ligands by LC-MS/MS.
Additional file 2: Figure S1. Validation of the purity and structure of purified CD99HIgG.
Additional file 3: Figure S2. Verification the binding activity of purified CD99HIgG.
Additional file 4: Figure S3. The expression of CD99 ligands on hematopoietic cells.
Additional file 5: Table S1. List of proteins obtained from in-gel digestion of the BSA protein control followed by LC–MS/MS analysis and identified by MASCOT.
Additional file 6: Table S2. List of proteins obtained from in-gel digestion of purified CD99HIgG protein control followed by LC–MS/MS analysis and identified by MASCOT.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its Additional files 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].