Abstract
Objective
Healthcare professionals with an advanced level of knowledge and skills on diabetic wound care management are needed to effectively manage complex wounds. This study aimed to determine the effects of an educational intervention to enhance the management of wound care among healthcare professionals.
Method
This study was part of a quasi-experimental pre-post research design where 82 healthcare professionals were recruited and assigned to intervention and control groups. The participants in the intervention group attended two days of educational intervention training on diabetic wound care management, while there was no intervention in the control group. A questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and practice was applied before and one-month post-intervention to both groups.
Results
Pre-test resulted in a low level of knowledge 72.1% and 74.4%, negative level of attitude 67.4% and 66.7%, and a moderate level of practice 79.1% and 76.9% in both intervention and control groups respectively. Post-test resulted in increasing levels of knowledge (76.7%), positive attitude (100%), and practice (76.7%) in the intervention group. At the same time, there was no significant change in the control group. Repeated Measure ANOVA for within-subject and between-subject effects resulted in a statistically significant p-value of 0.001 for knowledge, attitude, and practice after the educational intervention.
Conclusion
Health professionals have only a moderate level of knowledge on diabetic wound care management. It is important to improve this level by specific trainings and by using a good training module.
Keywords: Attitude, educational intervention, knowledge, practice, diabetic wound care management
ÖZ
Amaç
Karmaşık yapıdaki yaraları etkili bir şekilde yönetmek için diyabetik yara bakımı yönetimi konusunda üst düzeyde bilgi ve beceriye sahip sağlık uzmanlarına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada, sağlık çalışanları arasında yara bakımı yönetimini geliştirmeye yönelik bir eğitimsel müdahalenin etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem
Bu çalışma, 82 sağlık uzmanının müdahale ve kontrol gruplarına atandığı ön-son değerlendirmelerin olduğu yarı deneysel desende bir araştırmanın parçasıdır. Müdahale grubundaki katılımcılar, diyabetik yara bakımı yönetimi konusunda iki günlük eğitimsel bir müdahaleye katılırken, kontrol grubunda herhangi bir müdahale olmamıştır. Müdahaleden önce ve bir ay sonra her iki gruba bilgi, tutum ve uygulama üzerine bir anket uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular
Ön-test hem müdahale hem de kontrol grubunda sırasıyla %72,1 ve %74,4 olumsuz tutum; %67,4 ve %66,7 orta seviyede uygulama düzeyi; %79,1 ve %76,9 ile düşük bilgi düzeyleriyle sonuçlanmıştır. Son-test ise müdahale grubunda bilgi düzeyi (%76,7), olumlu tutum düzeyi (%100) ve yüksek düzeyde uygulama (%76,7) için artışlarla sonuçlanmıştır. Aynı zamanda, kontrol grubunda önemli bir değişiklik olmamıştır. Gruplar içi ve gruplar arası etki için uygulanan Tekrarlanan Ölçümlerde ANOVA, eğitimsel müdahaleden sonra bilgi, tutum ve uygulama için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir p-değeri (0,001) ile sonuçlanmıştır.
Sonuç
Sağlık çalışanları diyabetik yara bakımı yönetimi konusunda yalnızca orta düzeyde bilgiye sahiptir. Bu seviyeyi konuya özel tasarlanmış eğitimlerle ve iyi bir eğitim modülü kullanarak iyileştirmek önemlidir.
Keywords: Tutum, eğitimsel müdahale, bilgi, uygulama, diyabetik yara bakımı yönetimi
Introduction
Wound care management is crucial for wound healing with minimal or no complications. The concept of cleaning the wound and bandages existed in 2100 BC where wound cleansing was used in homes with available products such as beer and hot water for wound washing, mixtures of herbs, honey, and ointments as a primary layer and bandaging as an outer layer1. Revolution of wound dressing has evolved over the years, especially after the World War II, where first aid and surgical products were highly demanded. The practice of modern dressing was not commonly used then2.
Managing a diabetic wound requires multiple modalities of treatment such as medication, nutrition, and wound debridement aside from proper dressing technique alone3. Awareness of how vital wound care being done in the healthcare now becomes more clear where healthcare professionals, especially doctors and assistant medical officers with knowledge in complex wound care are in great demand4. As more and more complicated the wounds are, it is paramount to have equipped professionals equally competent and qualified to face these challenges heads on5. Wound infection and non-healing wounds represent a silent epidemic that affects a significant fraction of the world population especially on the life quality of the affected patients and poses major and gathering threat to the public health and economy. In the United Kingdom, around 200.000 patients have a chronic wound due to infection. The cost of caring patients with a chronic and infected wound is conservatively estimated at 2.3 billion to 3.1 billion per year6.
Educational intervention on diabetic wound care management has been seen as effective to improve knowledge, attitude, and practice among healthcare professionals. Many theories postulated that specific trainings could develop critical thinking and improve performances in medical students and healthcare professionals7. In 2014, the Ministry of Health (MOH) in Malaysia published the first edition of Wound Care Manual to be implemented in all hospitals in Malaysia. In January 2018, a circular was released by the MOH to erect a wound care unit in public health as a new key performance indicator (KPI). The establishment of the wound care unit in the public health serves as a continuity of care to patients discharged from the tertiary hospitals and addresses common types of wound including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, burns, venous ulcers, arterial ulcers, and non-healing ulcers8.
In Malaysia, there is still limited information and a few studies available on wound care, particularly in public health, and there is no similar study conducted in Sabah, Malaysia and Borneo before. Wound care management is the vital responsibility of all healthcare professionals who involved in patient care where they are continuously challenged to provide a good quality patient care despite the lack of resources and poor level of knowledge, attitude, and practice on wound care management8. The patient was also economically affected due to unsatisfactory progress of wound healing despite frequent clinic visits. Some implications of poor management of wound care are the development of infection and delay in wound healing6 which requires frequent dressing visits of more than three months. The patient’s quality of life are affected by all means such as they need to travel to the clinic for dressing, consuming fuel, and spending time including the waiting time to get the treatment.
This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice and the effects of the educational intervention (training) to enhance the management of wound care among healthcare professionals.
Materials and Methods
This is a quasi-experimental study with pre- and post-test design to assess the effects of the educational intervention on the level of knowledge, attitude, and post-implementation practice. The educational intervention module was developed by adapting the existing guidelines from the MOH to suit the setting and key performance indicators in public health. The intervention group was assigned to the Putatan Health Clinic and the control group to the Penampang Health Clinic. Both groups were assessed as for their knowledge, attitude, and practice before and one month after the educational training.
The development of the educational intervention training module was initiated in 2019, adapting the guidelines from the Ministry of Health, Malaysia and only focused on managing wounds in the primary healthcare setting. The module was designed and developed specifically on addressing common wound problems in the public health setting.
Bias was controlled by using a single-blind method where the participants were not informed that there were pre- and post-test in regard to avoiding contamination of the study. There was no other guideline used besides the module itself.
The inclusion criteria were the healthcare professionals working at Penampang Area Health Office clinically dealing with patients and wounds at the outpatient department. Herein, the term healthcare professionals referred to doctors, assistant medical officers, and staff nurses at Penampang Area Health Office. The participant must be a permanent staff, having roles and responsibilities in relation to the direct patient care. Participants must also have been working at that particular unit for a minimum of six months.
There were 82 participants recruited to participate in this study. There were 43 healthcare professionals in the intervention group and 39 healthcare professionals in the control group. The study was conducted on 10th and 11th February 2020 February.
The first material is a set of items in the questionnaire to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professionals. The questionnaire was self-developed, had been validated and firstly used for the pilot study (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.87). The questionnaire consisted of four parts: demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice on wound care management9. Each questionnaire had 15 items where the level of knowledge was tested using true or false options, the level of attitude was tested using a 4-point Likert scale (Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Agree, and Strongly Agree), and the level of practice was tested using a 3-point rating scale (Always, Sometimes, and Never).
The educational intervention module was developed, and adapted from the Wound Care Guidelines by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia10. The educational intervention module consisted of three main sections: Basic wound principle, concept of wound care management, and principle aspect of wound care management. The educational training course held for two days which included lectures, demonstrations, and hands-on training as a platform for conducting the training.
This study has been registered to NMRR (NMRR-19-3661-52018) and has obtained the Malaysian Research Ethics Committee approval (KKM/NIH-SEC/P20-32 (12). This study has also received the UMS Ethics approval (UMS/FPSK6.9/100-6/1-95). All participants have been briefed and signed informed consent before taking part in the study. There was no risk for the participants and no conflict of interest involved in the study.
In this study, for statistical analysis, descriptive statistics was used to look at distribution of respondents demographic characteristics and baseline level of knowledge, attitude and practice in both groups. Other than that, Repeated Measures ANOVA was then used to measure the difference of the educational intervention to improve the level of knowledge and attitude and practice variables in both intervention and control groups.
Results
The demographic background of the participants is shown in Table 1. Most of the participants were aged between 31 to 40 years, females outnumbered by 69.8% in the intervention group and 71.8% in the control group. Distribution of the participants by profession was as follows: doctors (33%), assistant medical officers (24%), and nurses (43%). Most of the participants in both groups possessed diploma and degree as educational background. Nearly all of the participants have been working for 5-20 years.
Table 1.
The demographic background of the participants.
| Intervention Group (n=43) | Control Group (n=39) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 20-30 years | 18.60% | 25.60% |
| 31-40 years | 51.20% | 61.50% | |
| 41-50 years | 30.20% | 12.80% | |
| Gender | Male | 30.20% | 28.20% |
| Female | 69.80% | 71.80% | |
| Profession | Doctor | 34.90% | 30.80% |
| Asst. Medical Officer | 23.30% | 25.60% | |
| Nurse | 41.90% | 43.60% | |
| Education level | Diploma | 34.90% | 38.50% |
| Post Basic | 18.60% | 20.50% | |
| Degree | 37.20% | 35.90% | |
| Masters/PhD | 9.30% | 5.10% | |
| Length in Service | < 5 years | 2.30% | 10.30% |
| 5-10 years | 53.50% | 46.20% | |
| 11- 20 years | 41.90% | 41.00% | |
| > 20 years | 2.30% | 2.60% |
Knowledge
Pre-test results demonstrated that 72.1% of the participants in the intervention group, and 74.4% in the control group had a low level of knowledge. The 27.9% and 25.6% of the participants in the intervention and control groups had a moderate level of knowledge, respectively. None of the participants had a high level of knowledge in both groups during the pre-test. According to post-test results, 76.7% of the participants had a high level of knowledge. In comparison, there were no remarkable changes in the control group, where 61.5% of the participants had a low level of knowledge. These findings postulate that educational intervention does improve the level of knowledge on wound care management (Table 2).
Table 2.
Baseline level of knowledge, attitude, and practice in both groups.
| Test | Variables | Baseline level | Intervention Group (n=43) | Control Group (n=39) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Test | Knowledge | Low | 72.1% (n=31) | 74.4% (n=29) |
| Moderate | 27.9% (n=12) | 25.6% (n=10) | ||
| High | 0% | 0% | ||
| Attitude | Negative | 67.4% (n=29) | 66.7% (n=26) | |
| Positive | 32.6% (14) | 33.3% (n=13) | ||
| Practice | Low | 20.9% (n=9) | 23.1 (n=9) | |
| Moderate | 79.1% (n=34) | 76.9% (n=30) | ||
| High | 0% | 0% | ||
| Post-Test | Knowledge | Low | 0% | 61.5% (n=24) |
| Moderate | 2.4% (n=1) | 38.5% (n=15) | ||
| High | 97.7% (n=42) | 0% | ||
| Attitude | Negative | 0% | 61.5% (n=24) | |
| Positive | 100% (n=43) | 38.5% (n=15) | ||
| Practice | Low | 0% | 23.1% (n=9) | |
| Moderate | 23.3% (n=10) | 76.9% (n=30) | ||
| High | 76.7% (n=33) | 0% |
Attitude
According to pre-test results in a majority of the participants in both groups had a negative attitude towards the management of wound care. The 67.4% and 66.7% of the participants in both intervention and control groups demonstrated a negative attitude during the pre-test, respectively. However, according to post-test results, a tremendous change of attitude level in the intervention group was revealed where 100% of the participants in that group had a positive level of attitude, while only 38.5% of the participants in the control group had a positive level of attitude. These results suggest that changes in the attitude of healthcare professionals occur when an educational intervention towards the management of wound care is implemented (Table 2).
Practice
During the pre-test, the baseline level of practice of the participants in both groups were moderate 79.1% in the intervention group and 76.9% in the control group. Post-test resulted in a higher practice of the participants in the intervention group with 76.7%, while the level of practice in the control group remained unchanged (76.9%) moderate practice. These findings reveals that the level of practice in healthcare changes as knowledge and attitude improves with the educational intervention (Table 2).
Table 3 shows Repeated Measures ANOVA for within-subject and between-subject effects in both groups. Within subject-effects revealed significant difference for knowledge [F (1.80)=876.25, p=0.001], attitude [F (1.80)=336.58, p=0.001), and practice [F (1.80)=129.23, p=0.001). These results reject the null hypothesis as there was a significant improvement in the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice over-time within-subject effect in the intervention group.
Table 3.
Repeated Measures ANOVA (Within- and Between-subjects effect).
| Within-subjects Effect | Between-subjects Effect | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Group | df | df (error) | F | p-value | df | df (error) | F | p-value |
| Knowledge | Intervention Group | 1 | 80 | 876.25 | 0.001 | 1 | 80 | 2929.95 | 0.001 |
| Control Group | |||||||||
| Attitude | Intervention Group | 1 | 80 | 336.58 | 0.001 | 1 | 80 | 3620.76 | 0.001 |
| Control Group | |||||||||
| Practice | Intervention Group | 1 | 80 | 129.23 | 0.001 | 1 | 80 | 3116.72 | 0.001 |
| Control Group | |||||||||
Repeated measures ANOVA also revealed significant difference between subject-effect in the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice over time after participants attended the educational intervention. The results indicate post-test improvement in knowledge [F (1.80)=2929.95, P=0.001], attitude [F (1.80)= 3620.76, P=0.001], and practice [F (1.80)=3116.72, P=0.001]. These results showed educational intervention does improve the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice.
Discussion
This study relates to the findings of other studies where the level of performance has brought a significant improvement after an educational intervention to healthcare workers11. Educational training helps nurses and physicians to provide proper treatment and diagnosis when their knowledge, attitude, and practice have increased12. Nurses’ technique were found to be enhanced after an intervention training using a simulated dressing model13. Another study mentioned14 that 69% of the medical students felt confident in their level of knowledge of management in surgical and medical wounds after the course, and 76% felt there is a need to have an elective wound care education as a part of the medical school curriculum. However, not every medical school offered adequate duration for wound care education15. Adequate wound care education to medical student implied a positive impact when employed where students with exposure to various wound management showed an improvement in the level of knowledge. A survey was conducted to two different groups of medical students. Evaluation of the level of knowledge on chronic wound care management in groups of medical students in their pre- and post-clinical years has showed significant improvement16.
Having a good level of knowledge had an effect on good practice and a positive attitude on wound care management. Delayed wound healing or non-healing wound could be prevented if all healthcare professionals have good fundamentals of knowledge, attitude, and practice17.
A similar study conducted on educational intervention to improve rural and remote practitioners’ knowledge of diabetic foot ulcers revealed not only the level of knowledge has significantly improved, but the participants’ ability to identify high-risk categories was reportedly improved after the training18. Those who attended wound care management course practised complete aseptic technique which suggested that the need for an educational course is profound9.
In the recent systematic reviews digital education were found to be effective, but the blended mode was even more superior and exclusive as compared to the digital platform when it comes to selecting the mode of educational intervention. Blended mode education program has higher knowledge retention, higher satisfaction, and proved to be superior to the rest19. This study showed health professionals had more confidence in treating patients and improved the quality of life for the patient, after the educational intervention.
Conclusion
Wound care management posits a wide range of elements where substantial knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professionals are essential. Educational intervention on wound care management is moving ahead, and it has been proven effective to enhance the related knowledge, attitude, and practice. The levels of knowledge, attitude, and practice have tremendously improved after the educational intervention which suggests that the educational intervention module was effective and could be further expanded to the other health facilities.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Director General of Health Malaysia for the permission to publish this article. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to the Sabah State Health Department, particularly Penampang Area Health Office and Putatan District Health Office. We would also like to thank again the Ministry of Health of Malaysia for the approval to use the Wound Care Manual as a tool and guidelines in this study.
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