BACKGROUND
Telemedicine use has rapidly increased across the US health system during the COVID-19 pandemic.1 Although telemedicine has been heralded as a way to reduce disparities in healthcare,2 concerns remain that lack of access to technology or digital health literacy can exacerbate technology-driven disparities as telemedicine use expands.2–4 As recent regulatory and policy changes allowed reimbursement for telephonic telemedicine visits in addition to visits facilitated by audio-video technology,1 there is a unique opportunity to examine technology-driven disparities as manifested through how telemedicine services are accessed differently by different patient populations.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to assess disparities in whether patients received audio-video telemedicine visits or telephonic ones, using data from a telemedicine expansion initiative at a major academic medical center.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
Beginning on March 2, 2020, the Columbia University Irving Medical Center undertook rapid expansion of telemedicine services across all outpatient clinical services through centralized training and support and increased patient outreach and education. All departments were strongly recommended to conduct telemedicine visits through Epic EHR (Epic; Verona, WI) integrated audio-video technology (Vidyo; Hackensack, NJ), but could also use telephone visits if necessary (e.g., if patients lacked smartphone or internet access).
We queried Epic EHR for all scheduled outpatient telemedicine visits completed over a 13-week period from February 1, 2020, to May 1, 2020, using visit types and scheduling comments to define audio-video versus telephone visits. We collected patient demographic information (age, sex, race, and ethnicity) and visit information (specialty, clinic site, and primary insurance). We used descriptive statistics to summarize the number of telemedicine visits over time. A multi-level logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds of having a telemedicine visit through audio-video technology versus telephone, accounting for specialties as fixed effects and clinic sites as random effects. We applied inverse weighting to account for multiple patient visits at practice level.
From February 1 to May 1, 2020, 50,101 unique patients (Table 1) received a total of 80,163 telemedicine visits, including 60,712 (76%) visits conducted through audio-video and 19,411 (24%) conducted via telephone. The weekly number of telemedicine visits increased steadily, from 56 during week 1 to 13,985 during week 13 (Fig. 1).
Table 1.
Patient Characteristics and Predictors of Telemedicine Visits Being Conducted Using Audio-Video Technology Versus Telephone Only. Model Adjusted for Specialties as Fixed Effects and Clinic Sites as Random Effects, and Accounted for Multiple Visits by Same Patient at the Practice Level Through Inverse Weighting; Odds Ratios (OR) Lower Than 1 Denotes Lower Odds of Audio-Video Telemedicine Visits
| Characteristic | Unique patients (N = 50,101) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age range | |||
| 0 to 11 | 4382 (4.4%) | 1.20 (0.94 to 1.53) | 0.15 |
| 12 to 17 | 2747 (5.5%) | 0.89 (0.66 to 1.20) | 0.43 |
| 18 to 44 | 17,561 (35.1%) | Ref | Ref |
| 45 to 64 | 12,813 (25.6%) | 0.38 (0.32 to 0.45) | < 0.001 |
| 65 and above | 12,598 (25.2%) | 0.18 (0.14 to 0.23) | < 0.001 |
| Female gender | 30,500 (60.9%) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.16) | 0.65 |
| Race | |||
| White | 21,983 (43.9%) | Ref | Ref |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 108 (0.2%) | 0.91 (0.54 to 1.52) | 0.72 |
| Asian | 1470 (2.9%) | 1.17 (0.91 to 1.51) | 0.21 |
| Black or African American | 6034 (12.0%) | 0.80 (0.72 to 0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 273 (0.5%) | 0.95 (0.65 to 1.39) | 0.79 |
| Other/Declined to Answer | 20,233 (40.4%) | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.94) | < 0.001 |
| Hispanic or primary language Spanish | 13,499 (26.9%) | 0.82 (0.74 to 0.91) | < 0.001 |
| Primary insurance | |||
| Commercial | 26,479 (52.9%) | Ref | Ref |
| Medicaid | 10,990 (21.9%) | 0.57 (0.48 to 0.68) | < 0.001 |
| Medicare | 12,632 (25.2%) | 0.52 (0.44 to 0.63) | < 0.001 |
Figure. 1.
Number of telemedicine visits from February 1, 2020, to May 1, 2020.
In the fully adjusted model, after accounting for specialty area and clinic sites, older age, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity or primary language Spanish, and primary insurance being Medicaid or Medicare were all significantly associated with lower odds of audio-video telemedicine visits (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
Our successful telemedicine expansion in response to COVID-19 is consistent with similar reports from across the USA.5 However, despite increased coverage for telemedicine services and additional infrastructure and personnel support, we found that older patients, minorities, and patients with public insurance are less likely to receive telemedicine services through audio-video technology. As previous research suggests that telephone visits are less effective for patient communication and comprehension, these disparities may further negatively impact patient care.6
Our findings are consistent with prior studies showing age and race disparities in usage of health information technology such as patient portals.4 As telemedicine will remain an important aspect of the US healthcare delivery for the foreseeable future, our findings also have immediate policy implications for telemedicine services. To support telemedicine expansion, CMS has granted flexibility for the use of non-EHR-based audio-video platforms (such as FaceTime and Skype) and has increased reimbursement for telephone visits.1 Our study suggests that vulnerable patient populations have difficulty engaging with audio-video telemedicine visits even in this permissive environment, suggesting that caution is needed when more restrictive policies resume.
Our study has several limitations. We used data from a single, urban academic medical center and did not assess general access to care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future analyses will also need to address other factors such as provider or scheduler implicit bias and patient comorbidities. There is also potential misclassification of audio-video vs. telephone visits, such as when a visit is scheduled as audio-video but was completed by telephone. Nonetheless, we are amongst the first to illustrate potential technology-driven disparities resulting from large-scale telemedicine expansion in the USA, highlighting the urgent need to identify policies and interventions to ensure that telemedicine technology can be equitably accessed by patients and does not further exacerbate disparities due to gaps in technology access and digital health literacy.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
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