Table 1.

Health conditions in children associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACE)

Symptom or health condition	For ≥ x ACEs (compared with 0)	Odds ratio
Asthma	4	1.7-2.8
Allergies	4	2.5
Dermatitis and eczema	3*	2.0
Urticaria	3*	2.2
Increased incidence of chronic disease, impaired management	3	2.3
Any unexplained somatic symptoms(eg, nausea/vomiting, dizziness, constipation, headaches)	3	9.3
Headaches	4	3.0
Enuresis, encopresis	-	-
Overweight, obesity	4	2.0
Failure to thrive, poor growth; psychosocial dwarfism	—	—
Poor dental health	4	2.8
Increased infections (viral, upper and lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia, acute otitis media, urinary tract infections, conjunctivitis, intestinal	3*	1.4-2.4
Later menarche (≥ 14 years)	2*	2.3
Sleep disturbances	5†	PR† 3.1
Developmental delay	3	1.9
Learning and/or behaviour problems	4	32.6
Repeating a year at school	4	2.8
Not completing homework	4	4.0
High school absenteeism	4	7.2
Graduating from high school	4	0.4
Aggression, physical fighting	For each additional ACE	1.9
Depression	4	3.9
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)	4	5.0
Any of: ADHD, depression, anxiety, conduct/behaviour disorder	3	4.5
Suicidal ideation	For each additional ACE	1.9
Suicide attempts		1.9-2.1
Self-harm		1.8
First use of alcohol at <14 years	4	6.2
First use of illicit drugs at <14 years	5	9.1
Early sexual debut (<15-17 years)	4	3.7
Teenage pregnancy	4	4.2

^*Odds ratio represents at least one ACE, but also includes other adversities

^†Prevalence ratio represents at least one ACE, but also includes other adversities