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The assessment of PD-L1 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples shows several limitations inherent to the tissue sampling, IHC detection methods and used antibodies. Circulating ICs could represent more dynamic biomarkers and be useful to predict the effect of the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody against RCC
