Table 2.
Therapeutic Strategy | Subjects of Study | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Metformin | Mice and humans | ↑ Propionate and butyrate ↓ Intestinibacter spp. and Clostridium spp. ↑ Escherichia/Shigella spp. ↑ Akkermansia muciniphila |
[130,132,133,134] |
Acarbose | Mice and humans | ↓ LPS and proinflammatory cytokines ↑ Propionate and butyrate ↓ Clostridium and Bacteroides ↑ Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus |
[135,136,137,138] |
Liraglutide | Mice and humans | ↑ Bacteroidetes ↑ Akkermansia muciniphila ↓ Firmicutes and Proteobacteria |
[139,140,141,142] |
LPS: Lipopolysaccharides.