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. 2020 Oct 9;10(10):1429. doi: 10.3390/biom10101429

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Biosynthesis pathway of glutathione (GSH) from amino acid precursors. GSH is synthesized in two consecutive ATP-dependent reactions within the cytosol coupled with GSH degradation to its constituent amino acids via 5-oxoproline and cysteinyl glycine, which forms the GSH cycle. Precursor sources are indicated by green arrows. GSH synthesis is regulated through inhibition of GCLC by GSH. GCLC, glutathione cysteine ligase (GCL) catalytic subunit; GCLM, glutathione cysteine ligase (GCL) modifier subunit; GS, glutathione synthase. Further explanation of synthesis processes is provided in the text.