Figure 7.

Induction of metabolic reprogramming in recipient cells by internalization of producer cell-derived exosomes. Producer cells (e.g., cancer-associated fibroblasts) contain high levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites, amino acids and lipids that can fuel the metabolic activity of recipient tumor cells contributing to tumor progression. Producer cells (e.g., glioma cells) derived exosomes can also harbor mRNA encoding ribosomal, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolytic proteins that can reprogram glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in recipient cells resulting in oncogenic reprogramming and transformation. Intraexosomal cargoes, such as metabolites, amino acids and mRNA are based on the studies of Cuperlovic-Culf et al., [156] Zhao et al., [149] and Zheng et al., [150]. EV, extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes; MVB, multivesicular body; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation. Refer to text for more details.