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ER stress is a driver of host antiviral response to TG priming. (A–C) NPTr cells or (D–F) NHBE cells were primed with DMSO or TG for 30 min at the indicated concentrations and infected for 24 h with USSR H1N1 virus at 0.5 MOI. Total RNA was extracted from each sample for HSPA5, HSP90B1 and DDIT3 detection, normalised to 18S rRNA. Indicated significance based 2-way RM ANOVA relative to corresponding DMSO control. *p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 **** p < 0.0001.
