Table 1.
General characteristics of the study participants across quintiles of dietary pattern scores.
| Characteristics | Overall | Western Diet | Prudent Diet | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | p-Trend a | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | p-Trend a | ||
| Age (years) | 40.3 (9.0) | 42.5 ± 0.3 | 40.3 ± 0.3 | 38.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 | 38.9 ± 0.3 | 40.6 ± 0.3 | 40.9 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Men | 1174 (17.4) | 16.2 (1.3) | 17.9 (1.3) | 25.4 (1.5) | <0.001 | 24.8 (1.5) | 22.4 (1.4) | 12.0 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Women | 5568 (82.6) | 21.2 (0.6) | 20.2 (0.6) | 18.5 (0.5) | 19.0 (0.6) | 19.3 (0.5) | 22.0 (0.6) | ||
| Race | |||||||||
| Malay | 4542 (67.4) | 11.9 (0.5) | 20.2 (0.7) | 26.9 (0.7) | <0.001 | 22.5 (0.7) | 21.3 (0.7) | 14.1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Chinese | 1507 (22.4) | 37.3 (1.4) | 18.9 (1.1) | 5.5 (0.7) | 14.6 (1.0) | 16.9 (1.0) | 32.3 (1.4) | ||
| Indian | 649 (9.6) | 38.6 (2.4) | 18.9 (1.9) | 3.0 (0.8) | 15.7 (1.8) | 15.9 (1.8) | 34.4 (2.3) | ||
| Others | 44 (0.7) | 44.2 (8.6) | 20.5 (6.9) | 7.2 (4.1) | 9.5 (5.7) | 21.9 (7.0) | 34.5 (8.7) | ||
| Education level | |||||||||
| Diploma | 1517 (22.5) | 35.5 (1.5) | 18.2 (1.2) | 8.7 (0.8) | <0.001 | 16.9 (1.2) | 17.2 (1.1) | 29.6 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Degree | 4859 (72.1) | 15.6 (0.6) | 20.1 (0.6) | 23.2 (0.6) | 20.9 (0.6) | 21.0 (0.6) | 17.0 (0.6) | ||
| Master/PhD | 366 (5.4) | 20.9 (2.3) | 22.4 (2.3) | 18.5 (2.3) | 20.2 (2.3) | 15.9 (2.1) | 23.5 (2.4) | ||
| Urban status | |||||||||
| Urban | 4521 (67.1) | 15.6 (0.9) | 20.0 (0.9) | 24.2 (1.0) | <0.001 | 21.9 (1.0) | 20.3 (1.0) | 16.4 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 2221 (32.9) | 22.7 (0.7) | 19.7 (0.6) | 17.5 (0.6) | 19.1 (0.6) | 19.6 (0.6) | 22.1 (0.7) | ||
| Physical activity level | |||||||||
| Low | 1252 (24.8) | 24.4 (1.3) | 19.8 (1.2) | 17.1 (1.2) | <0.001 | 22.0 (1.3) | 19.5 (1.3) | 19.6 (1.2) | 0.263 |
| Moderate | 2770 (54.9) | 19.8 (0.8) | 20.4 (0.8) | 19.7 (0.8) | 18.3 (0.8) | 19.1 (0.8) | 22.3 (0.9) | ||
| High | 1025 (20.3) | 17.9 (1.3) | 19.9 (1.4) | 20.7 (1.4) | 20.3 (1.4) | 22.5 (1.5) | 17.0 (1.3) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Never smoked | 5249 (93.4) | 20.9 (0.5) | 19.9 (0.5) | 18.9 (0.5) | <0.001 | 19.6 (0.5) | 19.5 (0.5) | 21.1 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 129 (2.3) | 13.6 (3.1) | 14.5 (3.5) | 35.6 (4.6) | 25.3 (4.3) | 25.8 (3.9) | 8.4 (2.7) | ||
| Current smoker | 241 (4.3) | 12.7 (2.2) | 20.5 (2.6) | 27.3 (3.0) | 24.7 (3) | 24.3 (2.8) | 7.7 (1.9) | ||
| Daily energy (kcal/day) | 2874.1 ± 21.7 | 1519.9 ± 17.7 | 2923.6 ± 38.9 | 3873.3 ± 46.3 | <0.001 | 1804.4 ± 24.2 | 3373.8 ± 53.0 | 2971.6 ± 43.9 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (%TE) b | 48.3 ± 0.3 | 49.3 ± 0.3 | 48.4 ± 0.2 | 47.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 51.8 ± 0.2 | 48.4 ± 0.2 | 44.3 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Protein (%TE) b | 18.2 ± 0.1 | 16.7 ± 0.1 | 18.4 ± 0.1 | 19.2 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | 17.7 ± 0.1 | 18.3 ± 0.1 | 18.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
| Total fat (%TE) b | 33.4 ± 0.1 | 33.9 ± 0.2 | 33.1 ± 0.2 | 33.6 ± 0.1 | < 0.106 | 30.4 ± 0.2 | 33.3 ± 0.2 | 36.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 (22.2,28.7) | 25.1 ± 0.1 | 25.8 ± 0.2 | 26.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 25.7 ± 0.2 | 26.0 ± 0.2 | 25.6 ± 0.2 | 0.451 |
| BMI classification c | 276 (4.1) | ||||||||
| Underweight/normal | 2944 (43.8) | 23.4 (0.8) | 19.8 (0.8) | 17.0 (0.7) | <0.001 | 20.7 (0.8) | 19.3 (0.7) | 21.5 (0.8) | 0.506 |
| Overweight | 2253 (33.5) | 18.5 (0.9) | 20.3 (1.0) | 20.8 (0.9) | 19.8 (1.0) | 20.3 (1.0) | 19.1 (0.9) | ||
| Obese | 1248 (18.6) | 15.9 (1.2) | 18.7 (1.2) | 24.4 (1.3) | 18.5 (1.3) | 20.5 (1.3) | 19.1 (1.2) | ||
ap-values for trend were calculated using the quintile median values. b Percentage of total energy intake. TE: total energy. c Defined according to WHO classification (BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 considered underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 normal weight, 25.0 to 29.9 overweight, and above 30 obese). Data are presented as mean ± standard error for continuous variables and row percentage, % (standard error) for categorical variables. Q1 is the lowest quintile and Q5 is the highest quintile.